Estima-se que a prevalência global agrupada da degeneração macular relacionada à idade (DMRI) seja de 8.7%, com uma projeção de 196 milhões de pessoas afetadas pela DMRI em 2020.[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
Dos 33.6 milhões de adultos com 50 anos ou mais no mundo todo que eram cegos em 2020, 1.8 tinha DMRI.[6]GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e130-43.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30425-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275950?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-60.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30489-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275949?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência global de deficiência visual moderada ou grave devido à DMRI em 2020 foi de 6.3 milhões.[8]Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. Eye (Lond). 2024 Aug;38(11):2070-82.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11269688
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38965321?tool=bestpractice.com
Devido ao envelhecimento da população, espera-se que o número de pacientes com DMRI aumente anualmente.[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
A incidência global anual de DMRI inicial é maior do que a de DMRI avançada (1.6% e 0.2%, respectivamente) em pessoas com 55 anos ou mais.[9]Zhou M, Duan PC, Liang JH, et al. Geographic distributions of age-related macular degeneration incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021 Oct;105(10):1427-34.
https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/10/1427.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32907810?tool=bestpractice.com
Estima-se que a prevalência de DMRI inicial e avançada em pessoas com 40 anos ou mais nos EUA seja de 11.6% e 0.9%, respectivamente.[10]Rein DB, Wittenborn JS, Burke-Conte Z, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US in 2019. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 Dec 1;140(12):1202-08.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2797921
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36326752?tool=bestpractice.com
Da mesma forma, estima-se que a prevalência de DMRI inicial ou intermediária e avançada em pessoas com 60 anos ou mais na Europa seja de 25.3% e 2.4%, respectivamente.[11]Li JQ, Welchowski T, Schmid M, et al. Prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Aug;104(8):1077-84.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31712255?tool=bestpractice.com
A DMRI é mais prevalente na Europa (18.3%) e na América do Norte (14.3%) do que na Ásia (6.9%).[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência também varia de acordo com a etnia. Por exemplo, a prevalência relatada de DMRI entre indivíduos de ascendência europeia (12.3%) é maior do que a relatada em indivíduos de ascendência africana (7.5%) e ascendência asiática (7.4%).[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma revisão sistemática e metanálise revelou que pessoas de ascendência europeia têm uma prevalência maior do subtipo de atrofia geográfica (1.11%) do que pessoas com ascendência africana (0.14%), asiática (0.21%) ou hispânica (0.16%), mas não encontrou diferença na prevalência de DMRI neovascular entre as etnias.[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência da DMRI aumenta com a idade, sendo que esse aumento é mais rápido em pessoas com 75 anos ou mais.[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Li JQ, Welchowski T, Schmid M, et al. Prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Aug;104(8):1077-84.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31712255?tool=bestpractice.com
Alguns estudos relatam que a DMRI é diagnosticada com mais frequência em mulheres, embora outros estudos não relatem diferença entre os sexos.[5]Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Feb;2(2):e106-16.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70145-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25104651?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Zhou M, Duan PC, Liang JH, et al. Geographic distributions of age-related macular degeneration incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021 Oct;105(10):1427-34.
https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/10/1427.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32907810?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Li JQ, Welchowski T, Schmid M, et al. Prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Aug;104(8):1077-84.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31712255?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Rudnicka AR, Jarrar Z, Wormald R, et al. Age and gender variations in age-related macular degeneration prevalence in populations of European ancestry: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2012 Mar;119(3):571-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22176800?tool=bestpractice.com
As diferenças observadas entre os sexos em alguns estudos podem estar relacionadas a diferenças na expectativa de vida.[13]Yonekawa Y, Miller JW, Kim IK. Age-related macular degeneration: advances in management and diagnosis. J Clin Med. 2015 Feb 12;4(2):343-59.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4470128
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26239130?tool=bestpractice.com