Arteritis de células gigantes

Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Dec;74(12):1881-9. Resumen

Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, et al. 2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):19-30.Texto completo  Resumen

Mackie SL, Dejaco C, Appenzeller S, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Mar 1;59(3):e1-e23.Texto completo  Resumen

Coath FL, Bukhari M, Ducker G, et al. Quality standards for the care of people with giant cell arteritis in secondary care. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023 Sep 1;62(9):3075-83. Resumen

Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 May 15;83(6):741-51.Texto completo  Resumen

1. Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Dec;74(12):1881-9. Resumen

2. Dinkin M, Johnson E. One giant step for giant cell arteritis: updates in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2021;23(2):6.Texto completo  Resumen

3. Caselli RJ, Daube JR, Hunder GG, et al. Peripheral neuropathic syndromes in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988 May;38(5):685-9. Resumen

4. Penet T, Lambert M, Baillet C, et al. Giant cell arteritis-related cerebrovascular ischemic events: a French retrospective study of 271 patients, systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023 Jul 7;25(1):116.Texto completo  Resumen

5. Grant SW, Underhill HC, Atkin P. Giant cell arteritis affecting the tongue: a case report and review of the literature. Dent Update. 2013 Oct;40(8):669-70, 673-4, 677. Resumen

6. De Miguel E, Macchioni P, Conticini E, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of subclinical giant cell arteritis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024 Jan 4;63(1):158-64. Resumen

7. Bongartz T, Matteson EL. Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006 Jan;18(1):10-7. Resumen

8. Kermani TA, Matteson EL, Hunder GG, et al. Symptomatic lower extremity vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: a case series. J Rheumatol. 2009 Oct;36(10):2277-83. Resumen

9. Ness T, Bley TA, Schmidt WA, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 May;110(21):376-85; quiz 386.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Lazarewicz K, Watson P. Giant cell arteritis. BMJ. 2019 May 30;365:l1964. Resumen

11. Mukhtyar CB, Beadsmoore C, Coath FL, et al. Incidence of primary large vessel vasculitis in Norfolk, UK from 2011 to 2020. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Oct;82(10):1341-7. Resumen

12. Salvarani C, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, et al. Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a fifty-year period. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr 15;51(2):264-8. Resumen

13. Smeeth L, Cook C, Hall AJ. Incidence of diagnosed polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the United Kingdom, 1990-2001. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Aug;65(8):1093-8. Resumen

14. Brekke LK, Diamantopoulos AP, Fevang BT, et al. Incidence of giant cell arteritis in Western Norway 1972-2012: a retrospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017 Dec 15;19(1):278.Texto completo  Resumen

15. Sharma A, Mohammad AJ, Turesson C. Incidence and prevalence of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020 Oct;50(5):1040-8.Texto completo  Resumen

16. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Rivas MJ, et al. Epidemiology of biopsy proven giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: trend over an 18 year period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Apr;60(4):367-71.Texto completo  Resumen

17. Pucelj NP, Hočevar A, Ješe R, et al. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Slovenia. Clin Rheumatol. 2019 Feb;38(2):285-290.Texto completo  Resumen

18. Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Zizzi F, et al. Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Mar;34(3):351-6. Resumen

19. De Smit E, Palmer AJ, Hewitt AW. Projected worldwide disease burden from giant cell arteritis by 2050. J Rheumatol. 2015 Jan;42(1):119-25.Texto completo  Resumen

20. Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, et al. The HLA-DRB1 locus as a genetic component in giant cell arteritis. Mapping of a disease-linked sequence motif to the antigen binding site of the HLA-DR molecule. J Clin Invest. 1992 Dec;90(6):2355-61.Texto completo  Resumen

21. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):261-71. Resumen

22. Lyons HS, Quick V, Sinclair AJ, et al. A new era for giant cell arteritis. Eye (Lond). 2020 Jun;34(6):1013-26.Texto completo  Resumen

23. Koster MJ, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: diagnosis, monitoring and management. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Feb 1;57(suppl_2):ii32-42.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Pryshchep O, et al. Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1062:195-208. Resumen

25. Weyand CM, Schonberger J, Oppitz U, et al. Distinct vascular lesions in giant cell arteritis share identical T-cell clonotypes. J Exp Med. 1994 Mar 1;179(3):951-60.Texto completo  Resumen

26. Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Goronzy JJ. Immunopathways in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Autoimmun Rev. 2004 Jan;3(1):46-53. Resumen

27. Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, et al. Tissue cytokine patterns in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Oct 1;121(7):484-91. Resumen

28. Granato JE, Abben RP, May WS. Familial association of giant cell arteritis. A case report and brief review. Arch Intern Med. 1981 Jan;141(1):115-7. Resumen

29. Carmona FD, Coit P, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, et al. Analysis of the common genetic component of large-vessel vasculitides through a meta-Immunochip strategy. Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 9;7:43953.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Larsson K, Mellstrom D, Nordborg E, et al. Early menopause, low body mass index, and smoking are independent risk factors for developing giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):529-32. Resumen

31. Duhaut P, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, et al. Giant cell arteritis and cardiovascular risk factors: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Nov;41(11):1960-5. Resumen

32. Brennan DN, Ungprasert P, Warrington KJ, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Dec;48(3):529-37. Resumen

33. Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O'Fallon WM, et al. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Aug 1;123(3):192-4. Resumen

34. Petursdottir V, Johansson H, Nordborg E, et al. The epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: special reference to cyclic fluctuations. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Dec;38(12):1208-12.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, et al. 2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):19-30.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Mackie SL, Dejaco C, Appenzeller S, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Mar 1;59(3):e1-e23.Texto completo  Resumen

37. Coath FL, Bukhari M, Ducker G, et al. Quality standards for the care of people with giant cell arteritis in secondary care. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023 Sep 1;62(9):3075-83. Resumen

38. Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 May 15;83(6):741-51.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Mollan SP, Paemeleire K, Versijpt J, et al. European Headache Federation recommendations for neurologists managing giant cell arteritis. J Headache Pain. 2020 Mar 17;21(1):28.Texto completo  Resumen

40. Mollan SP, Grech O, O'Sullivan E, et al. Practice points for ophthalmologists from the 2020 British Society for Rheumatology giant cell arteritis guidelines. Eye (Lond). 2021 Mar;35(3):699-701.Texto completo  Resumen

41. Smetana GW, Shmerling RH. Does this patient have temporal arteritis? JAMA. 2002 Jan 2;287(1):92-101. Resumen

42. Royal College of Physicians. Diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis. August 2010 [internet publication].Texto completo

43. Smith SCM, Al-Hashimi MR, Jones CD, et al. Frequency of visual involvement in a 10-year interdisciplinary cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Clin Med (Lond). 2023 May;23(3):206-12.Texto completo  Resumen

44. Luqmani R, Lee E, Singh S, et al. The role of ultrasound compared to biopsy of temporal arteries in the diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis (TABUL): a diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness study. Health Technol Assess. 2016 Nov;20(90):1-238.Texto completo  Resumen

45. Diamantopoulos AP, Haugeberg G, Lindland A, et al. The fast-track ultrasound clinic for early diagnosis of giant cell arteritis significantly reduces permanent visual impairment: towards a more effective strategy to improve clinical outcome in giant cell arteritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Jan;55(1):66-70.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Mukhtyar C, Ducker G, Fordham S, et al. Improving the quality of care for people with giant cell arteritis. Clin Med (Lond). 2021 Jul;21(4):e371-4.Texto completo

47. Patil P, Williams M, Maw WW, et al. Fast track pathway reduces sight loss in giant cell arteritis: results of a longitudinal observational cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015 Mar-Apr;33(2 suppl 89):S-103-6. Resumen

48. Mukhtyar C, Myers H, Scott DGI, et al. Validating a diagnostic GCA ultrasonography service against temporal artery biopsy and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Apr;39(4):1325-9. Resumen

49. Duftner C, Dejaco C, Sepriano A, et al. Imaging in diagnosis, outcome prediction and monitoring of large vessel vasculitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations. RMD Open. 2018 Feb 2;4(1):e000612.Texto completo  Resumen

50. Lie JT. Illustrated histopathologic classification criteria for selected vasculitis syndromes. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Classification of Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Aug;33(8):1074-87.Texto completo  Resumen

51. Muratore F, Boiardi L, Cavazza A, et al. Association between specimen length and number of sections and diagnostic yield of temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021 Mar;73(3):402-8. Resumen

52. Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, et al. How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jun 15;120(12):987-92. Resumen

53. Ray-Chaudhuri N, Kine DA, Tijani SO, et al. Effect of prior steroid treatment on temporal artery biopsy findings in giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 May;86(5):530-2. Resumen

54. Maleszewski JJ, Younge BR, Fritzlen JT, et al. Clinical and pathological evolution of giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of follow-up temporal artery biopsies in 40 treated patients. Mod Pathol. 2017 Jun;30(6):788-96.Texto completo  Resumen

55. Muratore F, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, et al. Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: a cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Mar;54(3):463-70.Texto completo  Resumen

56. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet. 2008 Jul 19;372(9634):234-45. Resumen

57. Mortensen PW, Raviskanthan S, Chévez-Barrios P, et al. Giant cell arteritis versus Takayasu's arteritis: two sides of the same coin? Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2021 Jul-Sep;35(3):198-203.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Gertz MA, Kyle RA, Griffing WL, et al. Jaw claudication in primary systemic amyloidosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986 May;65(3):173-9. Resumen

59. Rao JK, Allen NB, Pincus T. Limitations of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria in the diagnosis of vasculitis. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Sep 1;129(5):345-52. Resumen

60. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

61. Singh AG, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, et al. Visual manifestations in giant cell arteritis: trend over 5 decades in a population-based cohort. J Rheumatol. 2015 Feb;42(2):309-15.Texto completo  Resumen

62. Mukhtyar C, Cate H, Graham C, et al. Development of an evidence-based regimen of prednisolone to treat giant cell arteritis - the Norwich regimen. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2019 Feb 1;3(1):rkz001.Texto completo  Resumen

63. Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 Nov;62(11):1515-26.Texto completo  Resumen

64. Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, et al. Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 9;14(1):179.Texto completo  Resumen

65. Seelig E, Meyer S, Timper K, et al. Metformin prevents metabolic side effects during systemic glucocorticoid treatment. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Mar;176(3):349-58.Texto completo  Resumen

66. Strehl C, Bijlsma JW, de Wit M, et al. Defining conditions where long-term glucocorticoid treatment has an acceptably low level of harm to facilitate implementation of existing recommendations: viewpoints from an EULAR task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jun;75(6):952-7. Resumen

67. Wilson JC, Sarsour K, Collinson N, et al. Serious adverse effects associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA): a nested case-control analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017 Jun;46(6):819-27. Resumen

68. Yu E, Chang JR. Giant cell arteritis: updates and controversies. Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne). 2022 Mar 17:2:848861.Texto completo  Resumen

69. Chan CC, Paine M, O'Day J. Steroid management in giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep;85(9):1061-4. Resumen

70. Villiger PM, Adler S, Kuchen S, et al. Tocilizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 May 7;387(10031):1921-7. Resumen

71. Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):317-28. Resumen

72. Antonio AA, Santos RN, Abariga SA. Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 13;(5):CD013484.Texto completo  Resumen

73. Unizony S, McCulley TJ, Spiera R, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with giant cell arteritis treated with tocilizumab in real-world clinical practice: decreased incidence of new visual manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021 Jan 6;23(1):8.Texto completo  Resumen

74. Campbell L, Chen C, Bhagat SS, et al. Risk of adverse events including serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Mar;50(3):552-62.Texto completo  Resumen

75. Xie F, Yun H, Bernatsky S, et al. Brief report: risk of gastrointestinal perforation among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tofacitinib, tocilizumab, or other biologic treatments. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Nov;68(11):2612-7.Texto completo  Resumen

76. Strangfeld A, Richter A, Siegmund B, et al. Risk for lower intestinal perforations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab in comparison to treatment with other biologic or conventional synthetic DMARDs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Mar;76(3):504-10.Texto completo  Resumen

77. Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Aug;73(8):1349-65.Texto completo  Resumen

78. Stone JH, Han J, Aringer M, et al; for the GiACTA investigators. Long-term effect of tocilizumab in patients with giant cell arteritis: open-label extension phase of the Giant Cell Arteritis Actemra (GiACTA) trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021 May;3(5):e328-36.Texto completo

79. Monti S, Águeda AF, Luqmani RA, et al. Systematic literature review informing the 2018 update of the EULAR recommendation for the management of large vessel vasculitis: focus on giant cell arteritis. RMD Open. 2019 Sep 16;5(2):e001003.Texto completo  Resumen

80. Berti A, Cornec D, Medina Inojosa JR, et al. Treatments for giant cell arteritis: Meta-analysis and assessment of estimates reliability using the fragility index. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Aug;48(1):77-82. Resumen

81. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tocilizumab for treating giant cell arteritis. April 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

82. Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 May;46(5):1309-18. Resumen

83. Jover JA, Hernandez-Garcia C, Morado IC, et al. Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jan 16;134(2):106-14. Resumen

84. Mahr AD, Jover JA, Spiera RF, et al. Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug;56(8):2789-97. Resumen

85. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Tocilizumab (RoActemra): rare risk of serious liver injury including cases requiring transplantation. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

86. Narváez J, Bernad B, Gómez-Vaquero C, et al. Impact of antiplatelet therapy in the development of severe ischemic complications and in the outcome of patients with giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 May-Jun;26(3 suppl 49):S57-62. Resumen

87. Salvarani C, Della Bella C, Cimino L, et al. Risk factors for severe cranial ischaemic events in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Mar;48(3):250-3.Texto completo  Resumen

88. Martínez-Taboada VM, López-Hoyos M, Narvaez J, et al. Effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy on severe ischemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis: a cumulative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014 Aug;13(8):788-94. Resumen

89. Venhoff N, Schmidt WA, Lamprecht P, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with giant cell arteritis: study protocol for a randomized, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Trials. 2021 Aug 17;22(1):543.Texto completo  Resumen

90. Corbera-Bellalta M, Alba-Rovira R, Muralidharan S, et al. Blocking GM-CSF receptor α with mavrilimumab reduces infiltrating cells, pro-inflammatory markers and neoangiogenesis in ex vivo cultured arteries from patients with giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 Apr;81(4):524-36.Texto completo  Resumen

91. Cid MC, Unizony SH, Blockmans D, et al. Efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 May;81(5):653-61.Texto completo  Resumen

92. Tanaka Y, Luo Y, O'Shea JJ, et al. Janus kinase-targeting therapies in rheumatology: a mechanisms-based approach. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022 Mar;18(3):133-45.Texto completo  Resumen

93. Zhang H, Watanabe R, Berry GJ, et al. Inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling suppresses pathogenic immune responses in medium and large vessel vasculitis. Circulation. 2018 May 1;137(18):1934-48.Texto completo  Resumen

94. Koster MJ, Crowson CS, Giblon RE, et al. Baricitinib for relapsing giant cell arteritis: a prospective open-label 52-week pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 Jun;81(6):861-7. Resumen

95. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of upadacitinib in participants with giant cell arteritis (SELECT-GCA). Feb 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

96. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

97. Moreel L, Betrains A, Molenberghs G, et al. Epidemiology and predictors of relapse in giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine. 2023 Jan;90(1):105494. Resumen

98. Evans JM, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Apr 1;122(7):502-7. Resumen

99. Nuenninghoff DM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, et al. Mortality of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Dec;48(12):3532-7. Resumen

100. Tomasson G, Peloquin C, Mohammad A, et al. Risk for cardiovascular disease early and late after a diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jan 21;160(2):73-80.Texto completo  Resumen

101. Amiri N, De Vera M, Choi HK, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in giant cell arteritis: a general population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Jan;55(1):33-40. Resumen

102. Younge BR, Cook BE Jr, Bartley GB, et al. Initiation of glucocorticoid therapy: before or after temporal artery biopsy? Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Apr;79(4):483-91. Resumen

103. Aiello PD, Trautmann JC, McPhee TJ, et al. Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology. 1993 Apr;100(4):550-5. Resumen

104. Liozon E, Herrmann F, Ly K, et al. Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients. Am J Med. 2001 Aug 15;111(3):211-7. Resumen

105. Coath FL, Mukhtyar C. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and follow-up of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Jun 18;60(6):2528-36.Texto completo  Resumen

106. Mollan SP, Paemeleire K, Versijpt J, et al. European Headache Federation recommendations for neurologists managing giant cell arteritis. J Headache Pain. 2020 Mar 17;21(1):28Texto completo  Resumen

107. Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, et al. 2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):19-30Texto completo  Resumen

108. Mackie SL, Dejaco C, Appenzeller S, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Mar 1;59(3):e1-e23Texto completo  Resumen

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115. Penet T, Lambert M, Baillet C, et al. Giant cell arteritis-related cerebrovascular ischemic events: a French retrospective study of 271 patients, systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023 Jul 7;25(1):116.Texto completo  Resumen

116. Dinkin M, Johnson E. One giant step for giant cell arteritis: updates in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2021;23(2):6.Texto completo  Resumen

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