Candidíase sistêmica

Tsay SV, Mu Y, Williams S, et al. Burden of candidemia in the United States, 2017. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 3;71(9):e449-53.Texto completo  Resumo

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Candida auris (C. auris): C.auris for healthcare and laboratory professionals. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1-50.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Kidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F. Fungal nomenclature: managing change is the name of the game. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Jan;10(1):ofac559.Texto completo  Resumo

2. Zhang AY, Shrum S, Williams S, et al. The changing epidemiology of candidemia in the United States: injection drug use as an increasingly common risk factor-active surveillance in selected sites, United States, 2014-2017. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 23;71(7):1732-7.Texto completo  Resumo

3. McCarty TP, White CM, Pappas PG. Candidemia and invasive candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2021 Jun;35(2):389-413. Resumo

4. Tsay SV, Mu Y, Williams S, et al. Burden of candidemia in the United States, 2017. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 3;71(9):e449-53.Texto completo  Resumo

5. Lamoth F, Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, et al. Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Jan 1;73(suppl_1):i4-13.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Candidiasis: data and statistics on candidemia. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

7. Denning DW. Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024 Jul;24(7):e428-38. Resumo

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention​. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2021-2022. Jun 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

9. World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

10. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Turnidge JD, et al. Twenty years of the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program: results for candida species from 1997-2016. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Mar;6(suppl 1):S79-94.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Colombo AL, Nucci M, Park BJ, et al. Epidemiology of candidemia in Brazil: a nationwide sentinel surveillance of candidemia in eleven medical centers. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Aug;44(8):2816-23. Resumo

12. Chai YA, Wang Y, Khoo AL, et al. Predominance of Candida tropicalis bloodstream infections in a Singapore teaching hospital. Med Mycol. 2007 Aug;45(5):435-9. Resumo

13. Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections: case-control population-based surveillance study of patients in Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 May;44(5):1681-5.Texto completo  Resumo

14. Diekema D, Arbefeville S, Boyken L, et al. The changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated candidemia over three decades. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 May;73(1):45-8. Resumo

15. Lyman M, Forsberg K, Sexton DJ, et al. Worsening spread of candida auris in the United States, 2019 to 2021. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Apr;176(4):489-95.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Kohlenberg A, Monnet DL, Plachouras D, et al. Increasing number of cases and outbreaks caused by Candida auris in the EU/EEA, 2020 to 2021. Euro Surveill. 2022 Nov;27(46):2200846.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Candida auris (C. auris): tracking candida auris.​ Dec 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

18. Castanheira M, Deshpande LM, Rhomberg PR, et al. Recent increase in Candida auris frequency in the SENTRY surveillance program: antifungal activity and genotypic characterization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2024 Oct 8;68(10):e0057024.Texto completo  Resumo

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Candida auris (C. auris): C.auris for healthcare and laboratory professionals. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

20. Lass-Flörl C, Kanj SS, Govender NP, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024 Mar 21;10(1):20. Resumo

21. Rammaert B, Desjardins A, Lortholary O. New insights into hepatosplenic candidosis, a manifestation of chronic disseminated candidosis. Mycoses. 2012 May;55(3):e74-84. Resumo

22. Sousa RA, Dinz LMO, Marinho FEL, et al. Risk factors for candidemia in neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neonatal Nurs. 2022 Apr; 28(2):83-92.

23. Venditti M. Clinical aspects of invasive candidiasis: endocarditis and other localized infections. Drugs. 2009;69(suppl 1):39-43. Resumo

24. Ziakas PD, Kourbeti IS, Voulgarelis M, et al. Effectiveness of systemic antifungal prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia after chemotherapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Ther. 2010 Dec;32(14):2316-36. Resumo

25. Wang J, Zhan P, Zhou R, et al. Prophylaxis with itraconazole is more effective than prophylaxis with fluconazole in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Med Oncol. 2010 Dec;27(4):1082-8. Resumo

26. Taplitz RA, Kennedy EB, Bow EJ, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for adult patients with cancer-related immunosuppression: ASCO and IDSA clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct 20;36(30):3043-54. Resumo

27. Tamura K, Drew R. Antifungal prophylaxis in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Jul;44(7):515-30. Resumo

28. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, et al; Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2010 Dec 9;116(24):5111-8. Resumo

29. Neofytos D, Steinbach WJ, Hanson K, et al. American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Series, #6: management of invasive candidiasis in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Transplant Cell Ther. 2023 Apr;29(4):222-7.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Nguyen MH, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pappas PG, et al. Real-world use of mold-active triazole prophylaxis in the prevention of invasive fungal diseases: results from a subgroup analysis of a multicenter national registry. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Sep;10(9):ofad424.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Aslam S, Rotstein C, AST Infectious Disease Community of Practice. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13623. Resumo

32. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1-50.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Shoham S, Vazquez J, et al. MSG-01: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of caspofungin prophylaxis followed by preemptive therapy for invasive candidiasis in high-risk adults in the critical care setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(9):1219-26. Resumo

34. Li PK, Chow KM, Cho Y, et al. ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2022 Mar;42(2):110-53.Texto completo  Resumo

35. Buetti N, Marschall J, Drees M, et al. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022 May;43(5):553-69.Texto completo  Resumo

36. Pacilli M, Kerins JL, Clegg WJ, et al. Regional emergence of Candida auris in Chicago and lessons learned from intensive follow-up at 1 ventilator-capable skilled nursing facility. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 31;71(11):e718-25.Texto completo  Resumo

37. ​National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

38. Kollef M, Micek S, Hampton N, et al. Septic shock attributed to Candida infection: importance of empiric therapy and source control. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(12):1739-46. Resumo

39. Pappas PG, Lionakis MS, Arendrup MC, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 May 11;4:18026. Resumo

40. Cornely OA, Bangard C, Jaspers NI. Hepatosplenic candidiasis. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2015 Aug;6(2):47-50.Texto completo

41. Breazzano MP, Bond JB 3rd, Bearelly S, et al. American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations on sreening for endogenous candida endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2022 Jan;129(1):73-6. Resumo

42. O'Donnell M, Eller AW, Waxman EL, et al. Screening for ocular candidiasis among patients with candidemia: is it time to change practice? Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 29;75(6):1092-6.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Phongkhun K, Pothikamjorn T, Srisurapanont K, et al. Prevalence of ocular candidiasis and candida endophthalmitis in patients with candidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 May 24;76(10):1738-49.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Schroeder JA, Wilson CM, Pappas PG. Invasive Candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2025 Mar;39(1):93-119. Resumo

45. Herrera LN, Khodadadi R, Leal S, et al. Clinical utility of routine use of fungal blood cultures. Am J Med. 2023 Jun;136(6):514-7.Texto completo

46. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA authorizes new use of test, first to identify the emerging pathogen Candida auris. April 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

47. Simor AE, Porter V, Mubareka S, et al. Rapid identification of candida species from positive blood cultures by use of the filmarray blood culture identification panel. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Dec;56(12):e01387-18.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Leroy-Freschini B, Treglia G, Argemi X, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. QJM. 2018 Sep 1;111(9):613-22. Resumo

49. Rammaert B, Maunoury C, Rabeony T, et al. Does (18)F-FDG PET/CT add value to conventional imaging in clinical assessment of chronic disseminated candidiasis? Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:1026067.Texto completo  Resumo

50. Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, et al. β-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 15;52(6):750-70. Resumo

51. Persat F, Ranque S, Derouin F, et al. Contribution of the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Mar;46(3):1009-13.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-->3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;41(5):654-9. Resumo

53. Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-β-D-glucan for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Jan;50(1):7-15.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Mylonakis E, Clancy CJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 15;60(6):892-9. Resumo

55. Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. T2 magnetic resonance for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections: charting a path forward. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Mar 1;73(suppl_4):iv2-iv5.Texto completo  Resumo

56. Barantsevich N, Barantsevich E. Diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 May 26;11(6):718.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Nguyen MH, Wissel MC, Shields RK, et al. Performance of Candida real-time polymerase chain reaction, β-D-glucan assay, and blood cultures in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May;54(9):1240-8. Resumo

58. Kedzierska A, Kochan P, Pietrzyk A, et al. Current status of fungal cell wall components in the immunodiagnostics of invasive fungal infections in humans: galactomannan, mannan and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan antigens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;26(11):755-66. Resumo

59. Marty FM, Lowry CM, Lempitski SJ, et al. Reactivity of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay with commonly used intravenous antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Oct;50(10):3450-3.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Candida auris (C. auris): guidance for detection of C. auris colonization. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

61. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):25-31. Resumo

62. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Sep;49(9):3640-5.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Patel GP, Simon D, Scheetz M, et al. The effect of time to antifungal therapy on mortality in Candidemia associated septic shock. Am J Ther. 2009 Nov-Dec;16(6):508-11. Resumo

64. Denning DW. Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet. 2003 Oct 4;362(9390):1142-51. Resumo

65. Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, et al; Caspofungin High-Dose Study Group. A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15;48(12):1676-84. Resumo

66. Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, Goldberg E, et al. Treatment of invasive candidal infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Sep;83(9):1011-21. Resumo

67. Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(8):1110-22.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Kale-Pradhan PB, Morgan G, Wilhelm SM, et al. Comparative efficacy of echinocandins and nonechinocandins for the treatment of Candida parapsilosis Infections: a meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Dec;30(12):1207-13. Resumo

69. Cleveland AA, Farley MM, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in incidence and antifungal drug resistance in candidemia: results from population-based laboratory surveillance in Atlanta and Baltimore, 2008-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15;55(10):1352-61.Texto completo  Resumo

70. Alexander BD, Johnson MD, Pfeiffer CD, et al. Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;56(12):1724-32.Texto completo  Resumo

71. Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, et al. Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 1;45(7):883-93. Resumo

72. Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, et al. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 May 15;36(10):1221-8. Resumo

73. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 17;331(20):1325-30.Texto completo  Resumo

74. Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jun 14;356(24):2472-82.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2005 Oct 22-28;366(9495):1435-42. Resumo

76. Tissot F, Agrawal S, Pagano L, et al. ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Haematologica. 2017 Mar;102(3):433-4.Texto completo  Resumo

77. Vergidis P, Clancy CJ, Shields RK, et al. Intra-abdominal candidiasis: the importance of early source control and antifungal treatment. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153247.Texto completo  Resumo

78. Kullberg BJ, Arendrup MC. Invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 8;373(15):1445-56. Resumo

79. Thompson GR 3rd, Jenks JD, Baddley JW, et al. Fungal endocarditis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2023 Sep 21;36(3):e0001923.Texto completo  Resumo

80. Riddell J 4th, Comer GM, Kauffman CA. Treatment of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: focus on new antifungal agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):648-53. Resumo

81. Thompson GR 3rd, Soriano A, Cornely OA, et al. Rezafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis (ReSTORE): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jan 7;401(10370):49-59. Resumo

82. Thompson GR 3rd, Soriano A, Honore PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rezafungin and caspofungin in candidaemia and invasive candidiasis: pooled data from two prospective randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024 Mar;24(3):319-28.Texto completo  Resumo

83. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: ​Candidiasis (Mucocutaneous). 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

84. Oliveira LVN, Wang R, Specht CA, et al. Vaccines for human fungal diseases: close but still a long way to go. NPJ Vaccines. 2021 Mar 3;6(1):33.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Falagas ME, Apostolou KE, Pappas VD. Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Jul;25(7):419-25. Resumo

86. Horn DL, Neofytos D, Anaissie EJ, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15;48(12):1695-703. Resumo

87. Chow JK, Golan Y, Ruthazer R, et al. Risk factors for albicans and non-albicans candidemia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):1993-8. Resumo

88. Playford EG, Marriott D, Nguyen Q, et al. Candidemia in nonneutropenic critically ill patients: risk factors for non-albicans Candida spp. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):2034-9. Resumo

89. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, et al. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Sep;15(3):414-21. Resumo

90. Labelle AJ, Micek ST, Roubinian N, et al. Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2967-72. Resumo

91. Hoenigl M, Salmanton-García J, Egger M, et al. Guideline adherence and survival of patients with candidaemia in Europe: results from the ECMM Candida III multinational European observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Jun;23(6):751-61.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Khan FA, Slain D, Khakoo RA. Candida endophthalmitis: focus on current and future antifungal treatment options. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Dec;27(12):1711-21. Resumo

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94. Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Finding the "missing 50%" of invasive candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(9):1284-92.Texto completo  Resumo

95. Trevijano-Contador N, Torres-Cano A, Carballo-González C, et al. Global emergence of resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole in Candida parapsilosis in tertiary hospitals in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Nov;9(11):ofac605.Texto completo  Resumo

96. Wasylyshyn A, Stoneman EK. Management of candida auris. JAMA. 2024 Feb 20;331(7):611-2.

97. Wiederhold NP. Antifungal susceptibility testing: a primer for clinicians. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Nov;8(11):ofab444.Texto completo  Resumo

98. Gautier C, Maciel EI, Ene IV. Approaches for identifying and measuring heteroresistance in azole-susceptible Candida isolates. Microbiol Spectr. 2024 Apr 2;12(4):e0404123.Texto completo  Resumo

99. Rosenberg A, Ene IV, Bibi M, et al. Antifungal tolerance is a subpopulation effect distinct from resistance and is associated with persistent candidemia. Nat Commun. 2018 Jun 25;9(1):2470.Texto completo  Resumo