O FvW é uma glicoproteína sintetizada em células endoteliais e megacariócitos, e secretada no sangue como multímeros de FvW de alto peso molecular.[31]Sadler JE. Biochemistry and genetics of von Willebrand factor. Annu Rev Biochem. 1998;67:395-424.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9759493?tool=bestpractice.com
Os multímeros de FvW de alto peso molecular medeiam a adesão plaquetária ao subendotélio exposto em locais de lesão vascular. O FvW também estabiliza e transporta o FVIII (fator de coagulação) no sangue, uma função que não depende do tamanho do multímero.
Os pacientes com DVW apresentam deficiência de FvW ou funcionamento anormal (defeituoso) do FvW, o que resulta em sintomas de sangramento (predominantemente sangramento na mucosa, por exemplo, epistaxe).[7]Castaman G, Federici AB, Rodeghiero F, et al. Von Willebrand's disease in the year 2003: towards the complete identification of gene defects for correct diagnosis and treatment. Haematologica. 2003;88:94-108.
http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/reprint/88/1/94
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551832?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Du P, Bergamasco A, Moride Y, et al. Von willebrand disease epidemiology, burden of illness and management: a systematic review. J Blood Med. 2023;14:189-208.
https://www.dovepress.com/von-willebrand-disease-epidemiology-burden-of-illness-and-management-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36891166?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes também podem apresentar sangramento pós-operatório excessivo ou sangramento excessivo em casos de trauma/pequenas feridas.[7]Castaman G, Federici AB, Rodeghiero F, et al. Von Willebrand's disease in the year 2003: towards the complete identification of gene defects for correct diagnosis and treatment. Haematologica. 2003;88:94-108.
http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/reprint/88/1/94
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551832?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Du P, Bergamasco A, Moride Y, et al. Von willebrand disease epidemiology, burden of illness and management: a systematic review. J Blood Med. 2023;14:189-208.
https://www.dovepress.com/von-willebrand-disease-epidemiology-burden-of-illness-and-management-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36891166?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Nichols WL, Hultin MB, James AH, et al. Von Willebrand disease (VWD): evidence-based diagnosis and management guidelines, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Expert Panel report (USA). Haemophilia. 2008;14:171-232.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2007.01643.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315614?tool=bestpractice.com
Os sintomas podem ser agravados por medicamentos que inibem a função plaquetária (por exemplo, aspirina).[32]James PD, Goodeve AC. von Willebrand disease. Genet Med. 2011 May;13(5):365-76.
https://www.gimjournal.org/article/S1098-3600(21)04779-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289515?tool=bestpractice.com
A DVW do tipo 1 é caracterizada por uma deficiência quantitativa parcial do FvW com funcionamento normal, que pode ser causada por fatores genéticos ou não genéticos.[1]Sadler JE, Budde U, Eikenboom JC, et al. Update on the pathophysiology and classification of von Willebrand disease: a report of the subcommittee on von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Oct;4(10):2103-14.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02146.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16889557?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Laffan MA, Lester W, O'Donnell JS, et al. The diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease: a United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organization guideline approved by the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2014 Nov;167(4):453-65.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.13064/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113304?tool=bestpractice.com
Em alguns casos, a DVW do tipo 1 é caracterizada pela depuração acelerada (meia-vida reduzida) do FvW (chamada de DVW do tipo 1C).[5]Haberichter SL, Balistreri M, Christopherson P, et al. Assay of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) propeptide to identify patients with type 1 von Willebrand disease with decreased VWF survival. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3344-51.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/108/10/3344/22817/Assay-of-the-von-Willebrand-factor-VWF-propeptide
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835381?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Haberichter SL, Castaman G, Budde U, et al. Identification of type 1 von Willebrand disease patients with reduced von Willebrand factor survival by assay of the VWF propeptide in the European study: molecular and clinical markers for the diagnosis and management of type 1 VWD (MCMDM-1VWD). Blood. 2008 May 15;111(10):4979-85.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/111/10/4979/24311/Identification-of-type-1-von-Willebrand-disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344424?tool=bestpractice.com
Os sintomas de sangramento na DVW do tipo 1 são variáveis (por exemplo, devido à penetrância e expressividade variáveis, e aos níveis variáveis de FvW), mas geralmente são leves e menos graves do que nos tipos 2 e 3.[7]Castaman G, Federici AB, Rodeghiero F, et al. Von Willebrand's disease in the year 2003: towards the complete identification of gene defects for correct diagnosis and treatment. Haematologica. 2003;88:94-108.
http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/reprint/88/1/94
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551832?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]James PD, Connell NT, Ameer B, et al. ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease. Blood Adv. 2021 Jan 12;5(1):280-300.
https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article/5/1/280/474888/ASH-ISTH-NHF-WFH-2021-guidelines-on-the-diagnosis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33570651?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Bowman M, Mundell G, Grabell J, et al. Generation and validation of the condensed MCMDM-1VWD bleeding questionnaire for von Willebrand disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Dec;6(12):2062-6.
https://www.jthjournal.org/article/S1538-7836(22)13324-6/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18983516?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]Sadler JE. Von Willebrand disease type 1: a diagnosis in search of a disease. Blood. 2003 Mar 15;101(6):2089-93.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/101/6/2089/106486/Von-Willebrand-disease-type-1-a-diagnosis-in
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411289?tool=bestpractice.com
Alguns pacientes podem ser assintomáticos (por exemplo, aqueles com penetrância incompleta ou com mutações nulas no gene do FvW).[34]Sadler JE. Von Willebrand disease type 1: a diagnosis in search of a disease. Blood. 2003 Mar 15;101(6):2089-93.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/101/6/2089/106486/Von-Willebrand-disease-type-1-a-diagnosis-in
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411289?tool=bestpractice.com
A DVW do tipo 2A é caracterizada pela diminuição da adesão de plaquetas dependente do FvW e pela deficiência de multímeros de FvW de alto peso molecular.[1]Sadler JE, Budde U, Eikenboom JC, et al. Update on the pathophysiology and classification of von Willebrand disease: a report of the subcommittee on von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Oct;4(10):2103-14.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02146.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16889557?tool=bestpractice.com
Isso geralmente é causado por mutações genéticas que interferem na montagem e secreção dos multímeros de FvW de alto peso molecular.[35]Jacobi PM, Gill JC, Flood VH, et al. Intersection of mechanisms of type 2A VWD through defects in VWF multimerization, secretion, ADAMTS-13 susceptibility, and regulated storage. Blood. 2012 May 10;119(19):4543-53.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/119/19/4543/30006/Intersection-of-mechanisms-of-type-2A-VWD-through
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431572?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, também pode surgir de mutações no domínio A2, que aumentam a suscetibilidade do FvW à clivagem pela ADAMTS13, com consequente redução no tamanho dos multímeros do FvW.[35]Jacobi PM, Gill JC, Flood VH, et al. Intersection of mechanisms of type 2A VWD through defects in VWF multimerization, secretion, ADAMTS-13 susceptibility, and regulated storage. Blood. 2012 May 10;119(19):4543-53.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/119/19/4543/30006/Intersection-of-mechanisms-of-type-2A-VWD-through
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431572?tool=bestpractice.com
A DVW do tipo 2B é caracterizada pelo aumento da ligação do FvW às plaquetas por meio da glicoproteína Ib, devido a uma mutação de ganho de função no gene do FvW.[1]Sadler JE, Budde U, Eikenboom JC, et al. Update on the pathophysiology and classification of von Willebrand disease: a report of the subcommittee on von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Oct;4(10):2103-14.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02146.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16889557?tool=bestpractice.com
Como resultado, o FvW é clivado mais facilmente pela ADAMTS13 e o complexo plaqueta-FvW é eliminado pelo sistema reticuloendotelial. Os pacientes frequentemente têm trombocitopenia leve a moderada.[13]Federici AB, Mannucci PM, Castaman G, et al. Clinical and molecular predictors of thrombocytopenia and risk of bleeding in patients with von Willebrand disease type 2B: a cohort study of 67 patients. Blood. 2009 Jan 15;113(3):526-34.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/113/3/526/25145/Clinical-and-molecular-predictors-of
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805962?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma síndrome semelhante pode surgir de uma mutação na glicoproteína Ib plaquetária, que também resulta na ligação espontânea ao FVW (conhecido como DVW tipo plaquetária ou pseudo-DVW). Testes genéticos e estudos mistos de aglutinação plaquetária induzida por ristocetina (RIPA) podem ser usados para diferenciar a DVW do tipo 2B da DVW do tipo plaquetária (pseudo-DVW).[36]Platton S, Baker P, Bowyer A, et al. Guideline for laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of von Willebrand disease: a joint guideline from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation and the British Society for Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2024 May;204(5):1714-31.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.19385
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38532595?tool=bestpractice.com
A DVW do tipo 2M é caracterizada pela diminuição da adesão de plaquetas dependente do FvW sem uma deficiência de multímeros de FvW de alto peso molecular.[1]Sadler JE, Budde U, Eikenboom JC, et al. Update on the pathophysiology and classification of von Willebrand disease: a report of the subcommittee on von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Oct;4(10):2103-14.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02146.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16889557?tool=bestpractice.com
Isso ocorre devido a mutações genéticas que interrompem a ligação do FvW às plaquetas ou ao subendotélio.
A DVW do tipo 2N é caracterizada por uma diminuição acentuada na afinidade do FvW pelo FVIII devido a mutações na região de ligação ao FVIII no FvW.[37]Lillicrap D. von Willebrand disease: advances in pathogenetic understanding, diagnosis, and therapy. Blood. 2013 Nov 28;122(23):3735-40.
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/122/23/3735/114986/von-Willebrand-disease-advances-in-pathogenetic
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24065240?tool=bestpractice.com
Consequentemente, o FVIII tem uma meia-vida muito curta e os níveis plasmáticos de FVIII são reduzidos para 5% a 25% (0.05 a 0.25 unidades internacionais [UI]/mL).[38]Mazurier C, Goudemand J, Hilbert L, et al. Type 2N von Willebrand disease: clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis and molecular biology. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2001 Jun;14(2):337-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11686103?tool=bestpractice.com
Os heterozigotos para o tipo 2N geralmente são assintomáticos, porque as mutações do tipo 2N são herdadas em um padrão autossômico recessivo.[20]Laffan MA, Lester W, O'Donnell JS, et al. The diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease: a United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organization guideline approved by the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2014 Nov;167(4):453-65.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.13064/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113304?tool=bestpractice.com
A DVW do tipo 3 é caracterizada pela ausência completa ou quase completa do FvW, o que resulta em níveis muito baixos de fator VIII (0.01 a 0.05 UI/mL).[15]James PD, Connell NT, Ameer B, et al. ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease. Blood Adv. 2021 Jan 12;5(1):280-300.
https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article/5/1/280/474888/ASH-ISTH-NHF-WFH-2021-guidelines-on-the-diagnosis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33570651?tool=bestpractice.com
[39]Castaman G, Goodeve A, Eikenboom J, et al. Principles of care for the diagnosis and treatment of von Willebrand disease. Haematologica. 2013 May;98(5):667-74.
https://haematologica.org/article/view/6652
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633542?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes com DVW do tipo 3 apresentam níveis de FVIII tão baixos que resultam em sangramento articular e outros sintomas mais típicos da hemofilia A.[9]Nichols WL, Hultin MB, James AH, et al. Von Willebrand disease (VWD): evidence-based diagnosis and management guidelines, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Expert Panel report (USA). Haemophilia. 2008;14:171-232.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2007.01643.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18315614?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Du P, Bergamasco A, Moride Y, et al. Von willebrand disease epidemiology, burden of illness and management: a systematic review. J Blood Med. 2023;14:189-208.
https://www.dovepress.com/von-willebrand-disease-epidemiology-burden-of-illness-and-management-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36891166?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Tosetto A, Badiee Z, Baghaipour MR, et al. Bleeding symptoms in patients diagnosed as type 3 von Willebrand disease: results from 3WINTERS-IPS, an international and collaborative cross-sectional study. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Sep;18(9):2145-54.
https://www.jthjournal.org/article/S1538-7836(22)01637-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32379400?tool=bestpractice.com
Os heterozigotos para o tipo 3 geralmente são assintomáticos, porque as mutações do tipo 3 são herdadas em um padrão autossômico recessivo.[20]Laffan MA, Lester W, O'Donnell JS, et al. The diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease: a United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organization guideline approved by the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2014 Nov;167(4):453-65.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.13064/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113304?tool=bestpractice.com