Referências

Principais artigos

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Texto completo

Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Texto completo  Resumo

Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88.Texto completo  Resumo

McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, et al. Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar;108(3):529-62.Texto completo  Resumo

Artigos de referência

1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(suppl 1):S1-352.Texto completo

2. Diabetes Canada (Canadian Diabetes Association). Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

3. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009 May-Jun;15(4):353-69. Resumo

4. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Texto completo  Resumo

5. Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, et al. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):978-82.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Levetan CS, Magee MF. Hospital management of diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000 Dec;29(4):745-70. Resumo

7. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, et al. Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2003 Oct 15;290(15):2041-7.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Hulkower RD, Pollack RM, Zonszein J. Understanding hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Diabetes Manag (Lond). 2014 Mar;4(2):165-76.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Diabetes: national diabetes statistics report. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

10. Zhang Y, Bullard KM, Imperatore G, et al. Proportions and trends of adult hospitalizations with diabetes, United States, 2000-2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022 May;187:109862.Texto completo  Resumo

11. NHS England. ​National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

12. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care. 2018 May;41(5):917-28.Texto completo  Resumo

13. Umpierrez GE, Pasquel FJ. Management of inpatient hyperglycemia and diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2017 Apr;40(4):509-17.Texto completo  Resumo

14. Brodovicz KG, Mehta V, Zhang Q, et al. Association between hypoglycemia and inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay in hospitalized, insulin-treated patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013 Feb;29(2):101-7. Resumo

15. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Liu B, et al. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 20;367(12):1108-18.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Inzucchi SE. Clinical practice: management of hyperglycemia in the hospital setting. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 2;355(18):1903-11. Resumo

17. Pasquel FJ, Smiley D, Spiegelman R, et al. Hyperglycemia is associated with increased hospital complications and mortality during parenteral nutrition. Hosp Pract (Minneap). 2011 Apr;39(2):81-8. Resumo

18. ​National Health Service; National Prescribing Centre. NPC archive item: new Insulin safety guidance issued to reduce wrong dosages. Jul 2010 [internet publication].Texto completo

19. Lange Ferreira C, Forbes A, Hashim R, et al. Insulin errors and contributing factors affecting people with diabetes in hospital: a scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2025 Jul;167:105074.Texto completo  Resumo

20. National Health Service. National diabetes inpatient audit (NaDIA) - 2017. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

21. ACE/ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes. American College of Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient diabetes and glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2006 Jul-Aug;12(4):458-68. Resumo

22. ​Fernandez, C. J., Rajgopal, R. K., & Pappachan, J. M. (2021). Hypoglycaemia associated with critical illness and hormone deficiencies: a narrative review. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine. 2021Jan 30; (6): 7.Texto completo

23. Barker HL, Morrison D, Llano A, et al. Practical guide to glucocorticoid induced hyperglycaemia and diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2023 May;14(5):937-45.Texto completo  Resumo

24. Kornum JB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, et al. Diabetes, glycemic control, and risk of hospitalization with pneumonia: a population-based case-control study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1541-5.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Kwon S, Hermayer KL. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Am J Med Sci. 2013 Apr;345(4):274-7. Resumo

26. Farrokhi F, Klindukhova O, Chandra P, et al. Risk factors for inpatient hypoglycemia during subcutaneous insulin therapy in non-critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012 Sep 1;6(5):1022-9.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Ruan Y, Tan GD, Lumb A, et al. Importance of inpatient hypoglycaemia: impact, prediction and prevention. Diabet Med. 2019 Apr;36(4):434-43. Resumo

28. ​The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. JBDS 04 self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

29. The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. JBDS 20 using technology to support diabetes care in hospital. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

30. Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, et al; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Pediatrics. 2014 Apr;133(4):e938-45.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Lampasona V, Petrone A, Tiberti C, et al; Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) Study Group. Zinc transporter 8 antibodies complement GAD and IA-2 antibodies in the identification and characterization of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) 4. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33(1):104-8.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, et al. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2023 Oct 1;46(10):e151-e199.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Fonseca V. Newly diagnosed diabetes/hyperglycemia in hospitals: what should we do? Endocr Pract. 2006 Jul-Aug;12 Suppl 3:108-11. Resumo

34. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88.Texto completo  Resumo

35. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67.Texto completo  Resumo

36. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51. Resumo

37. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al; NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Texto completo  Resumo

38. Singh LG, Satyarengga M, Marcano I, et al. Reducing inpatient hypoglycemia in the general wards using real-time continuous glucose monitoring: the glucose telemetry system, a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2020 Nov;43(11):2736-43.Texto completo  Resumo

39. Steil GM, Langer M, Jaeger K, et al. Value of continuous glucose monitoring for minimizing severe hypoglycemia during tight glycemic control. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011 Nov;12(6):643-8.Texto completo  Resumo

40. Perez-Guzman MC, Shang T, Zhang JY, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021 Apr;36(2):240-55.Texto completo  Resumo

41. Spanakis EK, Urrutia A, Galindo RJ, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring-guided insulin administration in hospitalized patients with diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2022 Oct 1;45(10):2369-75.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Finn E, Schlichting L, Grau L, et al. Real-world accuracy of CGM in inpatient critical and noncritical care settings at a safety-net hospital. Diabetes Care. 2023 Oct 1;46(10):1825-30.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Voglová Hagerf B, Protus M, Nemetova L, et al. Accuracy and feasibility of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill patients after abdominal surgery and solid organ transplantation. Diabetes Care. 27 Feb 2024 [Epub ahead of print]. Resumo

44. McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, et al. Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar;108(3):529-62.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Dumont C, Bourguignon C. Effect of a computerized insulin dose calculator on the process of glycemic control. Am J Crit Care. 2012 Mar;21(2):106-15. Resumo

46. Goldberg PA, Siegel MD, Sherwin RS, et al. Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Care. 2004 Feb;27(2):461-7.Texto completo  Resumo

47. Adams G, Hunter J, Langley J, et al. Is nurse-managed blood glucose control in critical care as safe and effective as the traditional sliding scale method? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2009 Dec;25(6):294-305. Resumo

48. Svensson AM, McGuire DK, Abrahamsson P, et al. Association between hyper- and hypoglycemia and 2 year all-cause mortality risk in diabetic patients with acute coronary events. Eur Heart J. 2005 Jul;26(13):1255-61.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Umpierrez G, Smiley D, Zisman A, et al. Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial). Diabetes Care. 2007 Sep;30(9):2181-6.Texto completo  Resumo

50. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S, et al. Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb;34(2):256-61.Texto completo  Resumo

51. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Khowaja A, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing glargine U300 and glargine U100 for the inpatient management of medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes: Glargine U300 hospital trial. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jun;43(6):1242-8.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Suzuki J, Yamakawa T, Oba M, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec U100 and insulin glargine U100 in combination with meal-time bolus insulin in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: an open-label, randomized controlled study. Endocr J. 2019 Nov 28;66(11):971-82.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Vellanki P, Bean R, Oyedokun FA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of insulin supplementation for correction of bedtime hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015 Apr;38(4):568-74.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Gallo RJ, Lin S, Fang DZ, et al. Inpatient metformin utilization and post-hospitalization clinical outcomes: an observational cohort study. J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Feb 3.Texto completo  Resumo

55. Depczynski B, Kamalakkannan A, Siklosi B, et al. Association between continued metformin use during hospital admission and hospital-acquired complications. Diabet Med. 2024 Oct;41(10):e15353.Texto completo  Resumo

56. Thiruvenkatarajan V, Meyer EJ, Nanjappa N, et al. Perioperative diabetic ketoacidosis associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2019 Jul;123(1):27-36.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Singh LG, Ntelis S, Siddiqui T, et al. Association of continued use of SGLT2 inhibitors from the ambulatory to inpatient setting with hospital outcomes in patients with diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Care. 5 Dec 2023 [Epub ahead of print]. Resumo

58. Kindel TL, Wang AY, Wadhwa A, et al. Multisociety clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Oct 29:S1542-3565(24)00910-8.Texto completo

59. American Society of Anesthesiologists. American Society of Anesthesiologists consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients (adults and children) on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

60. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

61. Agus MS, Steil GM, Wypij D, et al; SPECS Study Investigators. Tight glycemic control versus standard care after pediatric cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 27;367(13):1208-19.Texto completo  Resumo

62. Agus MS, Wypij D, Hirshberg EL, et al; HALF-PINT Study Investigators and the PALISI Network. Tight glycemic control in critically ill children. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 23;376(8):729-41.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Rickels MR, Ruedy KJ, Foster NC, et al; T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators. Intranasal glucagon for treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover noninferiority study. Diabetes Care. 2016 Feb;39(2):264-70.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Christiansen MP, Cummins MJ, Prestrelski SJ, et al. A phase 3 comparison of a novel liquid glucagon autoinjector to glucagon emergency kit for the symptomatic relief of severe hypoglycemia. Paper presented at: American Diabetes Association 78th Scientific Sessions. 22-26 Jun 2018. Orlando, Florida, US. Oral presentations: clinical diabetes/therapeutics. Diabetes. 2018 Jul; 67(Supplement 1):304-OR.Texto completo

65. Levy N, Dhatariya K. Pre-operative optimisation of the surgical patient with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes: a practical review. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan;74 Suppl 1:58-66.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Evans NR, Dhatariya KK. Assessing the relationship between admission glucose levels, subsequent length of hospital stay, readmission and mortality. Clin Med (Lond). 2012 Apr;12(2):137-9.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Haddadin F, Clark A, Evans N, et al. Admission blood glucose helps predict 1 year, but not 2 years, mortality in an unselected cohort of acute general medical admissions. Int J Clin Pract. 2015 Jun;69(6):643-8. Resumo

68. Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes Care. 2010 Aug;33(8):1783-8.Texto completo  Resumo

69. Kotagal M, Symons RG, Hirsch IB, et al. Perioperative hyperglycemia and risk of adverse events among patients with and without diabetes. Ann Surg. 2015 Jan;261(1):97-103.Texto completo  Resumo

70. Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec;78(12):1471-8. Resumo

71. Adie SK, Ketcham SW, Marshall VD, et al. The association of glucose control on in-hospital mortality in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Diabetes Complications. 2023 Apr;37(4):108453. Resumo

72. Dhatariya K, Mustafa OG, Rayman G. Safe care for people with diabetes in hospital. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Jan;20(1):21-7.Texto completo  Resumo

73. The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. JBDS 14 a good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2020 [internet publication].​Texto completo

74. Falciglia M, Freyberg RW, Almenoff PL, et al. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med. 2009 Dec;37(12):3001-9.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Bruno A, Gregori D, Caropreso A, et al. Normal glucose values are associated with a lower risk of mortality in hospitalized patients. Diabetes Care. 2008 Nov;31(11):2209-10.Texto completo  Resumo

76. Critchley JA, Carey IM, Harris T, et al. Glycemic control and risk of infections among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large primary care cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Oct;41(10):2127-35.Texto completo  Resumo

77. Farrugia Y, Mangion J, Fava MC, et al. Inpatient hyperglycaemia, and impact on morbidity, mortality and re-hospitalisation rates. Clin Med (Lond). 2022 Jul;22(4):325-31.Texto completo  Resumo

78. Barmanray RD, Cheuk N, Fourlanos S, et al. In-hospital hyperglycemia but not diabetes mellitus alone is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies prior to COVID-19. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022 Jul;10(4):e002880.Texto completo  Resumo

79. Shiffermiller J, Anderson M, Thompson R. Postoperative length of stay in patients with stress hyperglycemia compared to patients with diabetic hyperglycemia: a retrospective cohort study. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 May;18(3):556-61.Texto completo  Resumo

80. Turchin A, Matheny ME, Shubina M, et al. Hypoglycemia and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes hospitalized in the general ward. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1153-7.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Nirantharakumar K, Marshall T, Kennedy A, et al. Hypoglycaemia is associated with increased length of stay and mortality in people with diabetes who are hospitalized. Diabet Med. 2012 Dec;29(12):e445-8. Resumo

82. Lake A, Arthur A, Byrne C, et al. The effect of hypoglycaemia during hospital admission on health-related outcomes for people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2019 Nov;36(11):1349-59.Texto completo  Resumo

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