Diabetes mellitus gestacional

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Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Mar;103(3):341-63.Texto completo  Resumen

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(Suppl 1):S344-52.Texto completo

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care Group (JBDS-IP). Managing diabetes and hyperglycaemia during labour and birth. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

1. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82.Texto completo  Resumen

2. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Mar;103(3):341-63.Texto completo  Resumen

3. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(Suppl 1):S344-52.Texto completo

4. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

5. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2021.Texto completo

6. Pu J, Zhao B, Wang EJ, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in gestational diabetes prevalence and contribution of common risk factors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015 Jul 22;29(5):436-43. Resumen

7. Yuen L, Wong VW. Gestational diabetes mellitus: challenges for different ethnic groups. World J Diabetes. 2015 Jul 25;6(8):1024-32.Texto completo  Resumen

8. Chamberlain C, McNamara B, Williams ED, et al. Diabetes in pregnancy among indigenous women in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013 May;29(4):241-56.Texto completo  Resumen

9. Nguyen CL, Pham NM, Binns CW, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in eastern and southeastern Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Feb 20;2018:6536974.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Gao C, Sun X, Lu L, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2018 May 27;10(1):154-62.Texto completo  Resumen

11. QuickStats: percentage of mothers with gestational diabetes,* by maternal age - National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2016 and 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Jan 6;72(1):16.Texto completo

12. Hedderson M, Ehrlich S, Sridhar S, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus by BMI. Diabetes Care. 2012 May 22;35(7):1492-8.Texto completo  Resumen

13. Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspective. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jul;30 Suppl 2:S141-6.Texto completo  Resumen

14. Muche AA, Olayemi OO, Gete YK. Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa based on the updated international diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health. 2019;77:36.Texto completo  Resumen

15. Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, et al. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 26;19(11):E3342.Texto completo  Resumen

16. Egan AM, Vellinga A, Harreiter J, et al; DALI Core Investigator group. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe. Diabetologia. 2017 Oct;60(10):1913-21.Texto completo  Resumen

17. Kim C, Berger DK, Chamany S. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1314-9.Texto completo  Resumen

18. Cossrow N, Falkner B. Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2590-4. Resumen

19. Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Escobar GJ, et al. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1915-7.Texto completo  Resumen

20. Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):685-97. Resumen

21. Davenport MH, Ruchat SM, Poitras VJ, et al. Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Nov;52(21):1367-75. Resumen

22. Cremona A, O'Gorman C, Cotter A, et al. Effect of exercise modality on markers of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control in pregnancies complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Obes Sci Pract. 2018 Oct;4(5):455-67.Texto completo  Resumen

23. Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jul;30 Suppl 2:S251-60.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Hivert MF, Backman H, Benhalima K, et al. Pathophysiology from preconception, during pregnancy, and beyond. Lancet. 2024 Jul 13;404(10448):158-74. Resumen

25. Weintrob N, Karp M, Hod M. Short- and long-range complications in offspring of diabetic mothers. J Diabetes Complications. 1996 Sep-Oct;10(5):294-301. Resumen

26. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, et al; HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):1991-2002.Texto completo  Resumen

27. Shirvanifar M, Ahlqvist VH, Lundberg M, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes attributable to overweight and obesity across maternal birth regions: a Swedish population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2024 Oct;9(10):e776-86.Texto completo  Resumen

28. Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ, et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1078-83. Resumen

29. Lewandowska M. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk for declared family history of diabetes, in combination with BMI categories. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 28;18(13):6936.Texto completo  Resumen

30. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, et al. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2654-64. Resumen

31. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Clinical Consensus-Obstetrics, Gantt A, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, et al. Obstetric Care Consensus #11, pregnancy at age 35 years or older. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Mar;228(3):B25-40. Resumen

32. Kjerulff LE, Sanchez-Ramos L, Duffy D. Pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):558.e1-6. Resumen

33. Donazar-Ezcurra M, López-Del Burgo C, Bes-Rastrollo M. Primary prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus through nutritional factors: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 Jan 13;17(1):30.Texto completo  Resumen

34. Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Koivusalo SB, Rönö K, Klemetti MM, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus can be prevented by lifestyle intervention: The Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL): a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jan;39(1):24-30.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Shepherd E, Gomersall JC, Tieu J, et al. Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 13;(11):CD010443.Texto completo  Resumen

37. Griffith RJ, Alsweiler J, Moore AE, et al. Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 11;(6):CD012394.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Chatzakis C, Goulis DG, Mareti E, et al. Prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight or obese pregnant women: A network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Dec;158:107924. Resumen

39. Skouteris H, Morris H, Nagle C, et al. Behavior modification techniques used to prevent gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Diab Rep. 2014 Apr;14(4):480. Resumen

40. Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, Balani J, et al. Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 4;374(5):434-43. Resumen

41. Dodd JM, Louise J, Deussen AR, et al. Effect of metformin in addition to dietary and lifestyle advice for pregnant women who are overweight or obese: the GRoW randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Dec 4;7(1):15-24. Resumen

42. Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, et al. Gestational diabetes: a reappraisal of HBA1c as a screening test. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Dec;84(12):1159-63. Resumen

43. Agarwal MM, Hughes PF, Punnose J, et al. Gestational diabetes screening of a multiethnic, high-risk population using glycated proteins. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001 Jan;51(1):67-73. Resumen

44. Boulvain M, Thornton JG. Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 8;3(3):CD000938.Texto completo  Resumen

45. ​Spencer R, Bird L, Iqbal S. A service evaluation of local gestational diabetes mellitus guidelines in England. Abstract EP.0149. BJOG 2023;130:S2:p226-27.

46. Spencer R, Bird L, Iqbal S. A service evaluation into the differences in testing and management of gestational diabetes mellitus in England. Poster presented at: RCOG World Congress. 12-14 June 2023. London, UK.Texto completo

47. Benhalima K, Minschart C, Ceulemans D, et al. Screening and management of gestational diabetes mellitus after bariatric surgery. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 11;10(10):1479.Texto completo  Resumen

48. Ciangura C, Coupaye M, Deruelle P, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for childbearing female candidates for bariatric surgery, pregnancy, and post-partum management after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2019 Nov;29(11):3722-34. Resumen

49. Shawe J, Ceulemans D, Akhter Z, et al. Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: consensus recommendations for periconception, antenatal and postnatal care. Obes Rev. 2019 Nov;20(11):1507-22.Texto completo  Resumen

50. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG practice bulletin no. 105: bariatric surgery and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jun;113(6):1405-13. Resumen

51. Committee on Practice Bulletins - Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin no. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;131(2):e49-64. Resumen

52. Vandorsten JP, Dodson WC, Espeland MA, et al. NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2013 Mar 6;29(1):1-31. Resumen

53. US Preventive Services Task Force. Gestational diabetes: screening. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

54. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Texto completo  Resumen

55. World Health Organization. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.Texto completo

56. White SL, Ayman G, Bakhai C, et al. Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes. BMJ. 2023 May 2;381:e071920.

57. Tieu J, McPhee AJ, Crowther CA, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 3;8(8):CD007222.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Stacey T, Tennant P, McCowan L, et al. Gestational diabetes and the risk of late stillbirth: a case-control study from England, UK. BJOG. 2019 Jul;126(8):973-82. Resumen

59. Pillay J, Donovan L, Guitard S, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021 Aug 10;326(6):539-62. Resumen

60. Simmons D, Immanuel J, Hague WM, et al. Perinatal outcomes in early and late gestational diabetes mellitus after treatment from 24-28 weeks' gestation: a TOBOGM secondary analysis. Diabetes Care. 2024 Dec 1;47(12):2093-101. Resumen

61. Harper LM, Jauk V, Longo S, et al. Early gestational diabetes screening in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;222(5):495.Texto completo  Resumen

62. ACOG clinical practice update: screening for gestational and pregestational diabetes in pregnancy and postpartum​. Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Jul;144(1):e20-3.Texto completo

63. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Oct;131 Suppl 3:S173-211.Texto completo  Resumen

64. Donovan L, Hartling L, Muise M, et al. Screening tests for gestational diabetes: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16;159(2):115-22.Texto completo  Resumen

65. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes. 1979 Dec;28(12):1039-57.Texto completo

66. Hillier TA, Pedula KL, Ogasawara KK, et al. A pragmatic, randomized clinical trial of gestational diabetes screening. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 11;384(10):895-904.Texto completo  Resumen

67. Pillay J, Donovan L, Guitard S, et al. ​Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review to update the 2014 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation [internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2021 Aug.Texto completo  Resumen

68. Falavigna M, Schmidt MI, Trujillo J, et al. Effectiveness of gestational diabetes treatment: a systematic review with quality of evidence assessment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012 Dec;98(3):396-405. Resumen

69. Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, et al. Benefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jul 16;159(2):123-9.Texto completo  Resumen

70. Martis R, Crowther CA, Shepherd E, et al. Treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 14;(8):CD012327.Texto completo  Resumen

71. Hofer OJ, Martis R, Alsweiler J, et al. Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 10;10(10):CD011624.Texto completo  Resumen

72. Brown J, Alwan NA, West J, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 4;(5):CD011970.Texto completo  Resumen

73. Venkatesh KK, Khan SS, Powe CE. Gestational diabetes and long-term cardiometabolic health. JAMA. 2023 Sep 5;330(9):870-1.

74. Durnwald CP, Mele L, Spong CY, et al. Glycemic characteristics and neonatal outcomes of women treated for mild gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Apr;117(4):819-27.Texto completo  Resumen

75. Han S, Middleton P, Shepherd E, et al. Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 25;(2):CD009275.Texto completo  Resumen

76. Gabbe SG, Graves CR. Management of diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;102(4):857-68. Resumen

77. Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002 Jan;25(1):148-98.Texto completo  Resumen

78. Viana LV, Gross JL, Azevedo MJ. Dietary intervention in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on maternal and newborn outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Dec;37(12):3345-55.Texto completo  Resumen

79. Harrison AL, Shields N, Taylor NF, et al. Exercise improves glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2016 Oct;62(4):188-96.Texto completo  Resumen

80. Barbour LA, Feig DS. Metformin for gestational diabetes mellitus: progeny, perspective, and a personalized approach. Diabetes Care. 2019 Mar;42(3):396-9.Texto completo  Resumen

81. Brand KMG, Saarelainen L, Sonajalg J, et al. Metformin in pregnancy and risk of adverse long-term outcomes: a register-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022 Jan;10(1):e002363.Texto completo  Resumen

82. Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, et al. Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jan;113(1):193-205. Resumen

83. Tarry-Adkins JL, Ozanne SE, Aiken CE. Impact of metformin treatment during pregnancy on maternal outcomes: a systematic review/meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 29;11(1):9240.Texto completo  Resumen

84. Abrilla AA, Pajes ANNI, Jimeno CA. Metformin extended-release versus metformin immediate-release for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021 Aug;178:108824. Resumen

85. Schwartz RA, Rosenn B, Aleksa K, et al. Glyburide transport across the human placenta. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar;125(3):583-8. Resumen

86. Vanky E, Zahlsen K, Spigset O, et al. Placental passage of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2005 May;83(5):1575-8.Texto completo  Resumen

87. Eyal S, Easterling TR, Carr D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of metformin during pregnancy. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 May;38(5):833-40. Resumen

88. Rowan JA, Rush EC, Obolonkin V, et al. Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition at 2 years of age. Diabetes Care. 2011 Oct;34(10):2279-84.Texto completo  Resumen

89. Ijäs H, Vääräsmäki M, Saarela T, et al. A follow-up of a randomised study of metformin and insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: growth and development of the children at the age of 18 months. BJOG. 2015 Jun;122(7):994-1000. Resumen

90. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Gao W, et al; MiG Trial Investigators. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):2003-15.Texto completo  Resumen

91. Tarry-Adkins JL, Aiken CE, Ozanne SE. Comparative impact of pharmacological treatments for gestational diabetes on neonatal anthropometry independent of maternal glycaemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020 May;17(5):e1003126.Texto completo  Resumen

92. Feig DS, Donovan LE, Zinman B, et al. Metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy): a multicentre, international, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Oct;8(10):834-44. Resumen

93. Boggess KA, Valint A, Refuerzo JS, et al. Metformin plus insulin for preexisting diabetes or gestational diabetes in early pregnancy: the MOMPOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023 Dec 12;330(22):2182-90. Resumen

94. Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Solà I, et al. Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015 Jan 21;350:h102.Texto completo  Resumen

95. Brown J, Grzeskowiak L, Williamson K, et al. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 5;(11):CD012037.Texto completo  Resumen

96. Pollex E, Moretti ME, Koren G, et al. Safety of insulin glargine use in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Jan;45(1):9-16. Resumen

97. Wang H, Wender-Ozegowska E, Garne E, et al. Insulin analogues use in pregnancy among women with pregestational diabetes mellitus and risk of congenital anomaly: a retrospective population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018 Feb 24;8(2):e014972.Texto completo  Resumen

98. Lv S, Wang J, Xu Y. Safety of insulin analogs during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015 Apr 9;292(4):749-56. Resumen

99. Edson EJ, Bracco OL, Vambergue A, et al. Managing diabetes during pregnancy with insulin lispro: a safe alternative to human insulin. Endocrine Pract. 2010 Nov-Dec;16(6):1020-7. Resumen

100. Doder Z, Vanechanos D, Oster M, et al. Insulin glulisine in pregnancy - experience from clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance. Eur Endocrinol. 2015 Apr 11;11(1):17-20.Texto completo  Resumen

101. NHS England. Saving babies’ lives version three: a care bundle for reducing perinatal mortality. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

102. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 831: medically indicated late-preterm and early-term deliveries. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

103. Scifres CM, Feghali M, Dumont T, et al. Large-for-gestational-age ultrasound diagnosis and risk for cesarean delivery in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):978-86. Resumen

104. Macrosomia: ACOG practice bulletin, number 216. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jan;135(1):e18-e35. Resumen

105. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care Group (JBDS-IP). Managing diabetes and hyperglycaemia during labour and birth. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

106. Curet LB, Izquierdo LA, Gilson GJ, et al. Relative effects of antepartum and intrapartum maternal blood glucose levels on incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia. J Perinatol. 1997 Mar-Apr;17(2):113-5. Resumen

107. Kitzmiller JL, Dang-Kilduff L, Taslimi MM. Gestational diabetes after delivery. Short-term management and long-term risks. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jul;30 Suppl 2:S225-35.Texto completo  Resumen

108. Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Nov 25;390(10110):2347-59.Texto completo  Resumen

109. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(Suppl 1):S314-21.Texto completo

110. Szmuilowicz ED, Barbour L, Brown FM, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring metrics for pregnancies complicated by diabetes: critical appraisal of current evidence. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Jul;18(4):819-34. Resumen

111. Battarbee AN, Durnwald C, Yee LM, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring for diabetes management during pregnancy: evidence, practical tips, and common pitfalls. Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Nov 1;144(5):649-59. Resumen

112. Law GR, Alnaji A, Alrefaii L, et al. Suboptimal nocturnal glucose control is associated with large for gestational age in treated gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):810-5.Texto completo  Resumen

113. Yu Q, Aris IM, Tan KH, et al. Application and utility of continuous glucose monitoring in pregnancy: a systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:697.Texto completo  Resumen

114. Schwartz N, Nachum Z, Green MS. Risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus recurrence: a meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2016 Sep;53(3):662-71. Resumen

115. Lewey J, Beckie TM, Brown HL, et al. Opportunities in the postpartum period to reduce cardiovascular disease risk after adverse pregnancy outcomes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Feb 13;149(7):e330-46.Texto completo  Resumen

116. Vounzoulaki E, Khunti K, Abner SC, et al. Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 May 13;369:m1361.Texto completo  Resumen

117. Maas AHEM, Rosano G, Cifkova R, et al. Cardiovascular health after menopause transition, pregnancy disorders, and other gynaecologic conditions: a consensus document from European cardiologists, gynaecologists, and endocrinologists. Eur Heart J. 2021 Mar 7;42(10):967-84.Texto completo  Resumen

118. Lowe WL Jr, Scholtens DM, Lowe LP, et al. Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity. JAMA. 2018 Sep 11;320(10):1005-16.Texto completo  Resumen

119. Diaz-Santana MV, O'Brien KM, Park YM, et al. Persistence of risk for type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2022 Apr 1;45(4):864-70. Resumen

120. Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4774-9.Texto completo  Resumen

121. Li Z, Cheng Y, Wang D, et al. Incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 170,139 women. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:3076463.Texto completo  Resumen

122. Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jun;26(6):1902-12.Texto completo  Resumen

123. Bardugo A, Bendor CD, Rotem RS, et al. Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and risk of early-onset type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023 May;11(5):333-44. Resumen

124. Aroda VR, Christophi CA, Edelstein SL, et al. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Apr;100(4):1646-53.Texto completo  Resumen

125. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term Effects of Metformin on Diabetes Prevention: Identification of Subgroups That Benefited Most in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care. 2019 Apr;42(4):601-608.Texto completo  Resumen

126. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Development and validation of QDiabetes-2018 risk prediction algorithm to estimate future risk of type 2 diabetes: cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Nov 20;359:j5019.Texto completo  Resumen

127. Gorgal R, Gonçalves E, Barros M, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for non-elective cesarean section. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012 Jan;38(1):154-9. Resumen

128. Hawkins JS, Casey BM. Labor and delivery management in women with diabetes. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007 Jun;34(2):323-34. Resumen

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