Superdosagem de opioides

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Resuscitation Council UK. 2021 resuscitation guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

Williams K, Lang ES, Panchal AR, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for EMS administration of naloxone. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019 Nov-Dec;23(6):749-63.Texto completo  Resumo

Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):e149-84.Texto completo  Resumo

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10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): detection of illegally manufactured fentanyls and carfentanil in drug overdose deaths - United States, 2021-2024. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

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12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rising numbers of deaths involving fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including carfentanil, and increased usage and mixing with non-opioids. HAN no. 413. July 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

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19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): illicitly manufactured fentanyl-involved overdose deaths with detected xylazine - United States, January 2019-June 2022. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

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30. World Health ​Organization. Community management of opioid overdose. 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

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32. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022 Nov 4;71(3):1-95.Texto completo  Resumo

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34. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Opioid overdose prevention toolkit. June 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Leveraging prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data in overdose prevention and response. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

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37. American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. SAMHSA releases substance use disorder treatment month toolkit. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overdose prevention: preventing opioid overdose. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

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41. ​Public Health England (UK). Supplying take home naloxone without a prescription. Sep 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

42. Babu KM, Brent J, Juurlink DN. Prevention of opioid overdose. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 6;380(23):2246-55.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Sharma V, Simpson SH, Samanani S, et al. Concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines/Z-drugs in Alberta, Canada and the risk of hospitalisation and death: a case cross-over study. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 20;10(11):e038692.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Serious and fatal overdose of fentanyl patches. 11 December 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

45. US Food and Drug Administration. Accidental exposures to fentanyl patches continue to be deadly to children. 21 July 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): ​notes from the field: geo-temporal trends in fentanyl administration routes among adults reporting use of illegally manufactured fentanyl when assessed for substance-use treatment - 14 U.S. States, 2017-2023. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

47. Halifax JC, Lim L, Ciccarone D, et al. Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips. Harm Reduct J. 2024 Jan 18;21(1):14.Texto completo  Resumo

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49. Levengood TW, Yoon GH, Davoust MJ, et al. Supervised injection facilities as harm reduction: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2021 Nov;61(5):738-49.Texto completo  Resumo

50. Dezfulian C, Orkin AM, Maron BA, et al. Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Apr 20;143(16):e836-70.Texto completo  Resumo

51. Resuscitation Council UK. 2021 resuscitation guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

52. Hoffman JR, Schriger DL, Luo JS. The empiric use of naloxone in patients with altered mental status: a reappraisal. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Mar;20(3):246-52. Resumo

53. Armenian P, Vo KT, Barr-Walker J, et al. Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: a comprehensive review. Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(pt a):121-32.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Abdelal R, Banerjee AR, Carlberg-Racich S, et al. The need for multiple naloxone administrations for opioid overdose reversals: a review of the literature. Subst Abus. 2022;43(1):774-84.Texto completo  Resumo

55. Royal College of Emergency Medicine. Best pratice guidelines: management of suspected internal drug trafficker (SIDT)​. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

56. Flach PM, Ross SG, Ampanozi G, et al. "Drug mules" as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and Lodox. Eur J Radiol. 2012 Oct;81(10):2518-26. Resumo

57. Baril L. ​Body packers, stuffers, and pushers: time bombs in our EDs. FOAMTOX. 2022 Jun 13.Texto completo

58. Whipple JK, Quebbeman EJ, Lewis KS, et al. Difficulties in diagnosing narcotic overdoses in hospitalized patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1994 Apr;28(4):446-50. Resumo

59. Williams K, Lang ES, Panchal AR, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for EMS administration of naloxone. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019 Nov-Dec;23(6):749-63.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):e149-84.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Boyer EW. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 12;367(2):146-55.Texto completo  Resumo

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69. Sutter ME, Gerona RR, Davis MT, et al. Fatal fentanyl: one pill can kill. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 Jan;24(1):106-13.Texto completo  Resumo

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71. Royal College of Emergency Medicine; National Poisons Information Service. Best practice guideline: guideline for the assessment and management of acute opioid toxicity in adults in the emergency department. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

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77. Taming the SRU. Packers, stuffers, and pushers. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

78. Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman B, et al. Position paper update: whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of overdose patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015 Jan;53(1):5-12. Resumo

79. CorePendium. Body packers, body stuffers. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

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81. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Texto completo  Resumo

82. Purdue Pharma. FDA approves nalmefene HCl injection, 2mg/2mL (1mg/1mL) for the treatment of known or suspected opioid overdose with natural or synthetic opioids. 23 February 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

83. Cipriano A, Apseloff G, Kapil RP, et al. Time course of reversal of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression in healthy subjects by intramuscular nalmefene and intramuscular and intranasal naloxone. J Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Feb;65(2):206-16.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Stolbach AI, Mazer-Amirshahi ME, Nelson LS, et al. American College of Medical Toxicology and the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology position statement: nalmefene should not replace naloxone as the primary opioid antidote at this time. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023 Nov;61(11):952-5. Resumo

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87. Bremer PT, Burke EL, Barrett AC, et al. Investigation of monoclonal antibody CSX-1004 for fentanyl overdose. Nat Commun. 2023 Dec 5;14(1):7700.Texto completo  Resumo

88. Olfson M, Crystal S, Wall M, et al. Causes of death after nonfatal opioid overdose. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 1;75(8):820-7.Texto completo  Resumo

89. Mechling BM, Ahern N, Palumbo R, et al. Emergency department-initiated interventions for illicit drug overdose: an integrative review of best practices. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2023 Jun;61(6):18-24. Resumo

90. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ​Food and Drug Administration overdose prevention framework. Mar 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

91. Langford AV, Lin CC, Bero L, et al. Clinical practice guideline for deprescribing opioid analgesics: summary of recommendations. Med J Aust. 2023 Jul 17;219(2):80-9.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Livingston CJ, Berenji M, Titus TM, et al. American College of Preventive Medicine: addressing the opioid epidemic through a prevention framework. Am J Prev Med. 2022 Sep;63(3):454-65.Texto completo  Resumo

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95. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overdose prevention: linking people with opioid use disorder to medication treatment. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

96. Armoon B, SoleimanvandiAzar N, Rostami M, et al. Drug type and risk behaviors associated with non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Dis. 2022 Jan-Mar;40(1):114-25. Resumo