Osteoporosis

ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and diagnosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep 1;138(3):494-506. Resumen

LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-102.Texto completo  Resumen

ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 2. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Apr 1;139(4):698-717. Resumen

Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Dec;75(12):2088-102.Texto completo  Resumen

Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1595-622.Texto completo  Resumen

1. Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1993 Jun;94(6):646-50. Resumen

2. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001 Feb 14;285(6):785-95. Resumen

3. WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: report of a WHO scientific group. (WHO technical report series: 921.) Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2003.Texto completo

4. Harvey N, Dennison E, Cooper C. Osteoporosis: impact on health and economics. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010 Feb;6(2):99-105. Resumen

5. Xiao PL, Cui AY, Hsu CJ, et al. Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2137-53. Resumen

6. Salari N, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi L, et al. The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021 Oct 17;16(1):609.Texto completo  Resumen

7. Salari N, Darvishi N, Bartina Y, et al. Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021 Nov 13;16(1):669.Texto completo  Resumen

8. Sarafrazi N, Wambogo EA, Shepherd JA. Osteoporosis or low bone mass in older adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2021 Mar;(405):1-8. Resumen

9. Cappola AR, Auchus RJ, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, et al. Hormones and aging: an Endocrine Society Scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Jul 14;108(8):1835-74.Texto completo  Resumen

10. Wade SW, Strader C, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Estimating prevalence of osteoporosis: examples from industrialized countries. Arch Osteoporos. 2014;9:182. Resumen

11. Zamani M, Zamani V, Heidari B, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis with the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2018 Nov 17;13(1):129. Resumen

12. Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2000 Apr;21(2):115-37.Texto completo  Resumen

13. Manolagas SC. Cell number versus cell vigor: what really matters to a regenerating skeleton? Endocrinology. 1999 Oct;140(10):4377-81.Texto completo  Resumen

14. Turner CH, Robling AG, Duncan RL, et al. Do bone cells behave like a neuronal network? Calcif Tissue Int. 2002 Jun;70(6):435-42. Resumen

15. Suda T, Takahashi N, Martin TJ. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation. Endocr Rev. 1992 Feb;13(1):66-80. Resumen

16. Zerwekh JE, Sakhaee K, Breslau NA, et al. Impaired bone formation in male idiopathic osteoporosis: further reduction in the presence of concomitant hypercalciuria. Osteoporos Int. 1992 May;2(3):128-34. Resumen

17. Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R, et al. Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options. Kidney Int. 2011 Feb;79(4):393-403.Texto completo  Resumen

18. Jia S, Liao J, Wang Y, et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with nephrolithiasis and vice versa: a cumulative analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1180183.Texto completo  Resumen

19. Kostenuik PJ. Osteoprotegerin and RANKL regulate bone resorption, density, geometry and strength. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;5(6):618-25. Resumen

20. Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003 May 15;423(6937):337-42. Resumen

21. Ariie T, Yamamoto N, Tsutsumi Y, et al. Association between a history of major osteoporotic fractures and subsequent hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2024 May 31;19(1):44. Resumen

22. Kanis JA, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, et al. Previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update FRAX. Osteoporos Int. 2023 Dec;34(12):2027-45.Texto completo  Resumen

23. Wong RMY, Wong PY, Liu C, et al. The imminent risk of a fracture-existing worldwide data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Dec;33(12):2453-66. Resumen

24. Gregson CL, Armstrong DJ, Bowden J, et al. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. 2022 Apr 5;17(1):58.Texto completo  Resumen

25. Dennison E, Eastell R, Fall CH, et al. Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(5):384-91. Resumen

26. Bao Y, Xu Y, Li Z, et al. Racial and ethnic difference in the risk of fractures in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 10;13(1):9481.Texto completo  Resumen

27. Curtis EM, van der Velde R, Moon RJ, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in the United Kingdom 1988-2012: variation with age, sex, geography, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Bone. 2016 Jun;87:19-26.Texto completo  Resumen

28. Noel SE, Santos MP, Wright NC. Racial and ethnic disparities in bone health and outcomes in the United States. J Bone Miner Res. 2021 Oct;36(10):1881-905.Texto completo  Resumen

29. Burger H, de Laet CE, van Daele PL, et al. Risk factors for increased bone loss in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 May 1;147(9):871-9. Resumen

30. Liu H, Paige NM, Goldzweig CL, et al. Screening for osteoporosis in men: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2008 May 6;148(9):685-701.Texto completo  Resumen

31. ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and diagnosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Sep 1;138(3):494-506. Resumen

32. Law MR, Hackshaw AK. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ. 1997 Oct 4;315(7112):841-6.Texto completo  Resumen

33. Cheraghi Z, Doosti-Irani A, Almasi-Hashiani A, et al. The effect of alcohol on osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Apr 1;197:197-202. Resumen

34. Ke Y, Hu H, Zhang J, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Adv Nutr. 2023 Jul;14(4):599-611.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):669-83.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Long G, Liu C, Liang T, et al. Predictors of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Aug 5;18(1):574.Texto completo  Resumen

37. Moayeri A, Mohamadpour M, Mousavi SF, et al. Fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and possible risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:455-68.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Valderrábano RJ, Linares MI. Diabetes mellitus and bone health: epidemiology, etiology and implications for fracture risk stratification. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;4:9.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Moshayedi S, Tasorian B, Almasi-Hashiani A. The prevalence of osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2022 Sep 23;12(1):15844.Texto completo  Resumen

40. Yu X, Sun S, Zhang S, et al. A pooled analysis of the association between sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Nov 18;101(46):e31692.Texto completo  Resumen

41. Chen S, Xu X, Gong H, et al. Global epidemiological features and impact of osteosarcopenia: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 Feb;15(1):8-20.Texto completo  Resumen

42. Mazziotti G, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May-Jun;17(4):144-9. Resumen

43. Liu J, Li X, Fan L, et al. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of bone diseases: an update meta-analysis. Life Sci. 2019 Feb 1;218:213-23. Resumen

44. Alanazi AS, Almutairi H, Gupta JK, et al. Osseous implications of proton pump inhibitor therapy: an umbrella review. Bone Rep. 2024 Mar;20:101741.Texto completo  Resumen

45. Lakatos P. Thyroid hormones: beneficial or deleterious for bone? Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Sep;73(3):205-9. Resumen

46. Casele HL. The use of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;49(4):895-905. Resumen

47. Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD. Anti-epileptic medication and bone health. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Feb;18(2):129-42. Resumen

48. Wang A, Obertová Z, Brown C, et al. Risk of fracture in men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: a population-based cohort study in New Zealand. BMC Cancer. 2015 Nov 2;15:837.Texto completo  Resumen

49. Ross RW, Small EJ. Osteoporosis in men treated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2002 May;167(5):1952-6. Resumen

50. Wright LE, Harhash AA, Kozlow WM, et al. Aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss increases the progression of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in bone and exacerbates muscle weakness in vivo. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 31;8(5):8406-19.Texto completo  Resumen

51. Seppala LJ, Wermelink AMAT, de Vries M, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Psychotropics. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Apr;19(4):371.e11-371.e17. Resumen

52. Hu J, Xie K, Wu S, et al. Osteoporosis and fracture risk associated with novel antidepressants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2024 Jun;52(3):334-46.Texto completo  Resumen

53. Xu C, Leung JCN, Shi J, et al. Sedative-hypnotics and osteoporotic fractures: a systematic review of observational studies with over six million individuals. Sleep Med Rev. 2024 Feb;73:101866. Resumen

54. Hauff J, Rottenkolber M, Oehler P, et al. Single and combined use of fall-risk-increasing drugs and fracture risk: a population-based case-control study. Age Ageing. 2023 Jun 1;52(6):afad079.Texto completo  Resumen

55. Abdolalipour S, Mirghafourvand M. Effect of education on preventive behaviors of osteoporosis in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2021 Apr;41(3):325-47. Resumen

56. Rubæk M, Hitz MF, Holmberg T, et al. Effectiveness of patient education for patients with osteoporosis: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2022 May;33(5):959-77. Resumen

57. Pinheiro MB, Oliveira J, Bauman A, et al. Evidence on physical activity and osteoporosis prevention for people aged 65+ years: a systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020 Nov 26;17(1):150.Texto completo  Resumen

58. US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592-9.Texto completo  Resumen

59. Burt LA, Billington EO, Rose MS, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on volumetric bone density and bone strength: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Aug 27;322(8):736-45.Texto completo  Resumen

60. Méndez-Sánchez L, Clark P, Winzenberg TM, et al. Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 27;1(1):CD012664.Texto completo  Resumen

61. LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, et al. Supplemental vitamin D and incident fractures in midlife and older adults. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 28;387(4):299-309.Texto completo  Resumen

62. LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-102.Texto completo  Resumen

63. Shi Y, Zhan Y, Chen Y, et al. Effects of dairy products on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Osteoporos. 2020 Mar 18;15(1):48. Resumen

64. Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 4;337(23):1641-7.Texto completo  Resumen

65. Briot K, Roux C. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. RMD Open. 2015 Apr 8;1(1):e000014.Texto completo  Resumen

66. Hsu E, Nanes M. Advances in treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017 Dec;24(6):411-7.Texto completo  Resumen

67. Qaseem A, Hicks LA, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of primary osteoporosis or low bone mass to prevent fractures in adults: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Feb;176(2):224-38.Texto completo  Resumen

68. Harvey NC, Odén A, Orwoll E, et al. Falls predict fractures independently of FRAX probability: a meta-analysis of the Osteoporotic Fractures In Men (MrOS) study. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Mar;33(3):510-6.Texto completo  Resumen

69. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: osteoporosis and bone mineral density. 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

70. ACOG Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines–Gynecology. Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: ACOG clinical practice guideline no. 2. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Apr 1;139(4):698-717. Resumen

71. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Raloxifene and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. Feb 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

72. Adams J, Bishop N. DXA in adults and children. In: Rosen CJ, Compston JE, Lian JB, et al, eds. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2008:152-8.

73. Lee JH, Lee YK, Oh SH, et al. A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy of vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) in postmenopausal women and elderly men. Osteoporos Int. 2016 May;27(5):1691-9. Resumen

74. Lems WF, Paccou J, Zhang J, et al. Vertebral fracture: epidemiology, impact and use of DXA vertebral fracture assessment in fracture liaison services. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Mar;32(3):399-411.Texto completo  Resumen

75. Shevroja E, Reginster JY, Lamy O, et al. Update on the clinical use of trabecular bone score (TBS) in the management of osteoporosis: results of an expert group meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) under the auspices of WHO Collaborating Center for Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging. Osteoporos Int. 2023 Sep;34(9):1501-29.Texto completo  Resumen

76. Fu Y, Li C, Luo W, et al. Fragility fracture discriminative ability of radius quantitative ultrasound: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Jan;32(1):23-38.Texto completo  Resumen

77. So E, Rushing C, Prissel MA, et al. The role of secondary imaging techniques for assessing bone mineral density in elderly ankle fractures. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;61(1):149-56. Resumen

78. Grados F, Fechtenbaum J, Flipon E, et al. Radiographic methods for evaluating osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Joint Bone Spine. 2009 May;76(3):241-7. Resumen

79. Cheng X, Wang L, Wang Q, et al. Validation of quantitative computed tomography-derived areal bone mineral density with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in an elderly Chinese population. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(8):1445-9. Resumen

80. Cann CE, Adams JE, Brown JK, et al. CTXA hip--an extension of classical DXA measurements using quantitative CT. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e91904.Texto completo  Resumen

81. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Osteoporosis management and fracture prevention in post-menopausal women and men >50 years of age. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

82. Fuggle NR, Beaudart C, Bruyère O, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the management of osteoporosis in men. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024 Apr;20(4):241-51.Texto completo  Resumen

83. Allende-Vigo MZ. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. P R Health Sci J. 2007 Jun;26(2):91-5. Resumen

84. Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Feb;22(2):391-420. Resumen

85. Cummings SR, Cawthon PM, Ensrud KE, et al. BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older men: a prospective study and comparison with older women. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Oct;21(10):1550-6. Resumen

86. Moe S, Drüeke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(11):1945-53. Resumen

87. Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Dec;75(12):2088-102.Texto completo  Resumen

88. US Preventive Services Task Force, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2025 Feb 11;333(6):498-508.Texto completo  Resumen

89. Lim LS, Hoeksema LJ, Sherin K, et al. Screening for osteoporosis in the adult U.S. population: ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med. 2009 Apr;36(4):366-75. Resumen

90. Thériault G, Limburg H, Klarenbach S, et al. Recommendations on screening for primary prevention of fragility fractures. CMAJ. 2023 May 8;195(18):E639-49.Texto completo  Resumen

91. Merlijn T, Swart KMA, van der Horst HE, et al. Fracture prevention by screening for high fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Feb;31(2):251-7.Texto completo  Resumen

92. Jiao D, Jiang C. Nutritional therapy of older osteoporotic people with supplemental calcium and vitamin D: side effects, fracture rates, and survival - an internationalised meta-analysis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2024 Mar;33(1):1-10.Texto completo  Resumen

93. Bolland MJ, Leung W, Tai V, et al. Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ. 2015 Sep 29;351:h4580.Texto completo  Resumen

94. Yang C, Shi X, Xia H, et al. The evidence and controversy between dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020 May-Jun;39(4):352-70.Texto completo  Resumen

95. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, et al. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 19;342:d2040.Texto completo  Resumen

96. Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, et al. Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Jan;26(1):35-41.Texto completo  Resumen

97. Jamal SA, Moe SM. Calcium builds strong bones, and more is better - correct? Well, maybe not. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Nov;7(11):1877-83.Texto completo  Resumen

98. Brooke-Wavell K, Skelton DA, Barker KL, et al. Strong, steady and straight: UK consensus statement on physical activity and exercise for osteoporosis. Br J Sports Med. 2022 May 16;56(15):837-46.Texto completo  Resumen

99. Morin SN, Feldman S, Funnell L, et al. Clinical practice guideline for management of osteoporosis and fracture prevention in Canada: 2023 update. CMAJ. 2023 Oct 10;195(39):E1333-48.Texto completo  Resumen

100. Kunutsor SK, Leyland S, Skelton DA, et al. Adverse events and safety issues associated with physical activity and exercise for adults with osteoporosis and osteopenia: a systematic review of observational studies and an updated review of interventional studies. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2018 Dec;3(4):155-178.Texto completo  Resumen

101. Kistler-Fischbacher M, Weeks BK, Beck BR. The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 2): a meta-analysis. Bone. 2021 Feb;143:115697. Resumen

102. Hejazi K, Askari R, Hofmeister M. Effects of physical exercise on bone mineral density in older postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Osteoporos. 2022 Jul 27;17(1):102. Resumen

103. Sherrington C, Fairhall N, Kwok W, et al. Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020 Nov 26;17(1):144.Texto completo  Resumen

104. Kitsuda Y, Wada T, Noma H, et al. Impact of high-load resistance training on bone mineral density in osteoporosis and osteopenia: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021 Sep;39(5):787-803. Resumen

105. Hoffmann I, Kohl M, von Stengel S, et al. Exercise and the prevention of major osteoporotic fractures in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis with special emphasis on intensity progression and study duration. Osteoporos Int. 2023 Jan;34(1):15-28.Texto completo  Resumen

106. Segev D, Hellerstein D, Dunsky A. Physical activity: does it really increase bone density in postmenopausal women? A review of articles published between 2001-2016. Curr Aging Sci. 2018;11(1):4-9. Resumen

107. Hoffmann I, Shojaa M, Kohl M, et al. Exercise reduces the number of overall and major osteoporotic fractures in adults. Does supervision make a difference? systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Nov;37(11):2132-48.Texto completo  Resumen

108. Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1595-622.Texto completo  Resumen

109. Rosenberg K. Bisphosphonates likely beneficial for most older women with osteoporosis. Am J Nurs. 2022 Apr 1;122(4):57. Resumen

110. Bilezikian JP. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009 Feb;122(2 Suppl):S14-21. Resumen

111. Zhao S, Zhao W, Du D, et al. Effect of bisphosphonate on hip fracture in patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia according to age: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Investig Med. 2022 Mar;70(3):837-43.Texto completo  Resumen

112. Chesnut CH 3rd, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Aug;19(8):1241-9.Texto completo  Resumen

113. Shoback D, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society guideline update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):dgaa048.Texto completo  Resumen

114. Tai TW, Chen HY, Shih CA, et al. Asia-Pacific consensus on long-term and sequential therapy for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2024 Mar;10(1):3-10.Texto completo  Resumen

115. Saito T, Sterbenz JM, Malay S, et al. Effectiveness of anti-osteoporotic drugs to prevent secondary fragility fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Dec;28(12):3289-300. Resumen

116. Lee SY, Jung SH, Lee SU, et al. Can bisphosphonates prevent recurrent fragility fractures? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 May;19(5):384-90. Resumen

117. Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014 Jan;29(1):1-23.Texto completo  Resumen

118. Abrahamsen B. Adverse effects of bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010 Jun;86(6):421-35. Resumen

119. Lee S, Yin RV, Hirpara H, et al. Increased risk for atypical fractures associated with bisphosphonate use. Fam Pract. 2015 Jun;32(3):276-81.Texto completo  Resumen

120. Wysowski DK, Chang JT. Alendronate and risedronate: reports of severe bone, joint and muscle pain. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb 14;165(3):346-7. Resumen

121. Khan AA, Sándor GK, Dore E, et al. Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Rheumatol. 2009 Mar;36(3):478-90. Resumen

122. Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med. 2006 May 16;144(10):753-61. Resumen

123. Black DM, Abrahamsen B, Bouxsein ML, et al. Atypical femur fractures: review of epidemiology, relationship to bisphosphonates, prevention, and clinical management. Endocr Rev. 2019 Apr 1;40(2):333-68.Texto completo  Resumen

124. Barrionuevo P, Kapoor E, Asi N, et al. Efficacy of pharmacological therapies for the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1623-30.Texto completo  Resumen

125. Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006 Dec 27;296(24):2927-38.Texto completo  Resumen

126. Schwartz AV, Bauer DC, Cummings SR, et al. Efficacy of continued alendronate for fractures in women with and without prevalent vertebral fracture: the FLEX trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 May;25(5):976-82.Texto completo  Resumen

127. Roux C, Seeman E, Eastell R, et al. Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004 Apr;20(4):433-9. Resumen

128. Watts NB, Chines A, Olszynski WP, et al. Fracture risk remains reduced one year after discontinuation of risedronate. Osteoporos Int. 2008 Mar;19(3):365-72. Resumen

129. Watts NB, Diab DL. Long-term use of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;95(4):1555-65. Resumen

130. Adami S, Felsenberg D, Christiansen C, et al. Efficacy and safety of ibandronate given by intravenous injection once every 3 months. Bone. 2004 May;34(5):881-9. Resumen

131. Stakkestad JA, Benevolenskaya LI, Stepan JJ, et al; Ibandronate Intravenous Study Group. Intravenous ibandronate injections given every three months: a new treatment option to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Oct;62(10):969-75.Texto completo  Resumen

132. Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, et al. The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Feb;27(2):243-54.Texto completo  Resumen

133. Black DM, Reid IR, Cauley JA, et al. The effect of 6 versus 9 years of zoledronic acid treatment in osteoporosis: a randomized second extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2015 May;30(5):934-44.Texto completo  Resumen

134. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 3;356(18):1809-22.Texto completo  Resumen

135. Nancollas GH, Tang R, Phipps RJ, et al. Novel insights into actions of bisphosphonates on bone: differences in interactions with hydroxyapatite. Bone. 2006 May;38(5):617-27. Resumen

136. MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Feb 5;148(3):197-213.Texto completo  Resumen

137. Sharma A, Einstein AJ, Vallakati A, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation with use of oral and intravenous bisphosphonates. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jun 1;113(11):1815-21. Resumen

138. Pazianas M, Compston J, Huang CL. Atrial fibrillation and bisphosphonate therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Jan;25(1):2-10.Texto completo  Resumen

139. Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, et al. Duration of fracture prevention after zoledronate treatment in women with osteopenia: observational follow-up of a 6-year randomised controlled trial to 10 years. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Apr;12(4):247-56. Resumen

140. Liu S, Tan Y, Huang W, et al. Cardiovascular safety of zoledronic acid in the treatment of primary osteoporosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024 Feb;64:152304. Resumen

141. Food and Drug Administration. FDA adds boxed warning for increased risk of severe hypocalcemia in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease taking osteoporosis medicine Prolia (denosumab). Jan 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

142. Bird ST, Smith ER, Gelperin K, et al. Severe hypocalcemia with denosumab among older female dialysis-dependent patients. JAMA. 2024 Feb 13;331(6):491-9.Texto completo  Resumen

143. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 20;361(8):756-65.Texto completo  Resumen

144. Papapoulos S, Lippuner K, Roux C, et al. The effect of 8 or 5 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM Extension study. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Dec;26(12):2773-83.Texto completo  Resumen

145. Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML, et al. 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Jul;5(7):513-23. Resumen

146. Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al. Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Feb;33(2):190-8.Texto completo  Resumen

147. Horne AM, Mihov B, Reid IR. Bone loss after romosozumab/denosumab: effects of bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018 Jul;103(1):55-61. Resumen

148. Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Uihlein AV, et al. Denosumab and teriparatide transitions in postmenopausal osteoporosis (the DATA-Switch study): extension of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Sep 19;386(9999):1147-55.Texto completo  Resumen

149. Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al. Evaluating the clinical efficacy of teriparatide and denosumab combination therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024 Jun;30(6):270-5.Texto completo  Resumen

150. Zhu Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis previously treated with bisphosphonates: a review. J Orthop Translat. 2020 May;22:7-13.Texto completo  Resumen

151. Lyu H, Jundi B, Xu C, et al. Comparison of denosumab and bisphosphonates in patients with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1753-65.Texto completo  Resumen

152. Li W, Ning Z, Yang Z, et al. Safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the older adults with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Osteoporos. 2022 Jun 17;17(1):84. Resumen

153. Diker-Cohen T, Rosenberg D, Avni T, et al. Risk for infections during treatment with denosumab for osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 May 1;105(5):dgz322.Texto completo  Resumen

154. Catton B, Surangiwala S, Towheed T. Is denosumab associated with an increased risk for infection in patients with low bone mineral density? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021 Jul;24(7):869-79. Resumen

155. Lv F, Cai X, Yang W, et al. Denosumab or romosozumab therapy and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with primary osteoporosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone. 2020 Jan;130:115121. Resumen

156. Händel MN, Cardoso I, von Bülow C, et al. Fracture risk reduction and safety by osteoporosis treatment compared with placebo or active comparator in postmenopausal women: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2023 May 2;381:e068033.Texto completo  Resumen

157. van den Bergh JP, Geusens P, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, et al. The Dutch multidisciplinary guideline osteoporosis and fracture prevention, taking a local guideline to the international arena. Arch Osteoporos. 2024 Apr 2;19(1):23.Texto completo  Resumen

158. Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Adachi JD, et al. Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1532-43.Texto completo  Resumen

159. Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al. Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1417-27.Texto completo  Resumen

160. Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhang S, et al. Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Climacteric. 2018 Apr;21(2):189-95. Resumen

161. Prather C, Adams E, Zentgraf W. Romosozumab: a first-in-class sclerostin inhibitor for osteoporosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020 Nov 16;77(23):1949-56. Resumen

162. Kaveh S, Hosseinifard H, Ghadimi N, et al. Efficacy and safety of romosozumab in treatment for low bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Nov;39(11):3261-76. Resumen

163. Lim SY. Romosozumab for the treatment of osteoporosis in women: efficacy, safety, and cardiovascular risk. Womens Health (Lond). 2022 Jan-Dec;18:17455057221125577.Texto completo  Resumen

164. Bovijn J, Krebs K, Chen CY, et al. Evaluating the cardiovascular safety of sclerostin inhibition using evidence from meta-analysis of clinical trials and human genetics. Sci Transl Med. 2020 Jun 24;12(549):eaay6570.Texto completo  Resumen

165. Mariscal G, Nuñez JH, Bhatia S, et al. Safety of romosozumab in osteoporotic men and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother. 2020 Apr;39(2):29-36. Resumen

166. Nealy KL, Harris KB. Romosozumab: a novel injectable sclerostin inhibitor with anabolic and antiresorptive effects for osteoporosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 May;55(5):677-86. Resumen

167. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10;344(19):1434-41.Texto completo  Resumen

168. Yang C, Le G, Lu C, et al. Effects of teriparatide compared with risedronate in the treatment of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(7):e19042.Texto completo  Resumen

169. Shen J, Ke Z, Dong S, et al. Pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2022 Apr 17;28:e935491.Texto completo  Resumen

170. Tian A, Jia H, Zhu S, et al. Romosozumab versus teriparatide for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis through a grade analysis of evidence. Orthop Surg. 2021 Oct;13(7):1941-50.Texto completo  Resumen

171. Poutoglidou F, Samoladas E, Raikos N, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-sclerostin antibodies in the treatment of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Clin Densitom. 2022 Jul-Sep;25(3):401-15. Resumen

172. Miller PD, Hattersley G, Riis BJ, et al. Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Aug 16;316(7):722-33. Resumen

173. Cosman F, Miller PD, Williams GC, et al. Eighteen months of treatment with subcutaneous abaloparatide followed by 6 months of treatment with alendronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of the ACTIVExtend trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Feb;92(2):200-10.Texto completo  Resumen

174. Bone HG, Cosman F, Miller PD, et al. ACTIVExtend: 24 months of alendronate after 18 months of abaloparatide or placebo for postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2949-57.Texto completo  Resumen

175. Miller PD, Bilezikian JP, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Abaloparatide: an anabolic treatment to reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2020 Nov;36(11):1861-72.Texto completo  Resumen

176. Reginster J-Y, Bianic F, Campbell R, et al. Abaloparatide for risk reduction of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a network meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2019 Jul;30(7):1465-73.Texto completo  Resumen

177. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999 Aug 18;282(7):637-45.Texto completo  Resumen

178. Ma HY, Chen S, Lu LL, et al. Raloxifene in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2021 Nov;53(11):730-7.Texto completo  Resumen

179. Pinkerton JV, Thomas S, Dalkin AC. Osteoporosis treatment and prevention for postmenopausal women: current and future therapeutic options. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Dec;56(4):711-21. Resumen

180. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jul;95(7 suppl 1):s1-66.Texto completo  Resumen

181. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): further information on the known increased risk of breast cancer with HRT and its persistence after stopping. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

182. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2019 Sep 28;394(10204):1159-68.Texto completo  Resumen

183. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1701-12. Resumen

184. Sjögren LL, Mørch LS, Løkkegaard E. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2016 Sep;91:25-35. Resumen

185. Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, et al. Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Feb;176(2):224-38.Texto completo  Resumen

186. Boonen S, Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, et al. Fracture risk and zoledronic acid therapy in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 1;367(18):1714-23.Texto completo  Resumen

187. Junjie W, Dongsheng H, Lei S, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy has limited effect on increasing bone mass density in older men: a meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(1):73-84. Resumen

188. Jayasena CN, Anderson RA, Llahana S, et al. Society for endocrinology guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2022 Feb;96(2):200-19.Texto completo  Resumen

189. Khosla S, Amin S, Orwoll E. Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev. 2008 Jun;29(4):441-64.Texto completo  Resumen

190. Czerwinski E, Cardona J, Plebanski R, et al. The efficacy and safety of abaloparatide-SC in men with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Dec;37(12):2435-42.Texto completo  Resumen

191. Beaudart C, Demonceau C, Sabico S, et al. Efficacy of osteoporosis pharmacological treatments in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023 Sep;35(9):1789-806.Texto completo  Resumen

192. NHS England. ​Interim clinical commissioning policy statement: teriparatide for osteoporosis in men (adults). Jan 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

193. Orwoll ES, Scheele WH, Paul S, et al. The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Jan;18(1):9-17.Texto completo  Resumen

194. Kaufman JM, Orwoll E, Goemaere S, et al. Teriparatide effects on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis: treatment and discontinuation of therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2005 May;16(5):510-6. Resumen

195. Niimi R, Kono T, Nishihara A, et al. Analysis of daily teriparatide treatment for osteoporosis in men. Osteoporos Int. 2015 Apr;26(4):1303-9. Resumen

196. Lewiecki EM, Blicharski T, Goemaere S, et al. A phase III randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of romosozumab in men with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1;103(9):3183-93.Texto completo  Resumen

197. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N, et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 20;361(8):745-55.Texto completo  Resumen

198. van Brussel MS, Bultink IE, Lems WF. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Apr;10(6):997-1005. Resumen

199. Anastasilaki E, Paccou J, Gkastaris K, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an overview with focus on its prevention and management. Hormones (Athens). 2023 Dec;22(4):611-22. Resumen

200. Yuan C, Liang Y, Zhu K, et al. Clinical efficacy of denosumab, teriparatide, and oral bisphosphonates in the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Jun 22;18(1):447.Texto completo  Resumen

201. Brent MB. Abaloparatide: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 15;909:174409.Texto completo  Resumen

202. Yamaguchi Y, Morita T, Kumanogoh A. The therapeutic efficacy of denosumab for the loss of bone mineral density in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2020;4(1):rkaa008.Texto completo  Resumen

203. Taylor AD, Saag KG. Anabolics in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an evidence-based review of long-term safety, efficacy and place in therapy. Core Evid. 2019 Aug 23;14:41-50.Texto completo  Resumen

204. Popp AW, Isenegger J, Buergi EM, et al. Glucocorticosteroid-induced spinal osteoporosis: scientific update on pathophysiology and treatment. Eur Spine J. 2006 Jul;15(7):1035-49. Resumen

205. Borgström F, Karlsson L, Ortsäter G, et al. Fragility fractures in Europe: burden, management and opportunities. Arch Osteoporos. 2020 Apr 19;15(1):59.Texto completo  Resumen

206. Sajjan SG, Barrett-Connor E, McHorney CA, et al. Rib fracture as a predictor of future fractures in young and older postmenopausal women: National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2012 Mar;23(3):821-8.Texto completo  Resumen

207. Ye J, Li Q, Nie J. Prevalence, characteristics, and associated risk factors of wrist fractures in Americans above 50: the cross-sectional NHANES study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Apr 25;13:800129.Texto completo  Resumen

208. Barrett-Connor E, Sajjan SG, Siris ES, et al. Wrist fracture as a predictor of future fractures in younger versus older postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):607-13. Resumen

209. D'Amelio P, Isaia GC. The use of raloxifene in osteoporosis treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 May;14(7):949-56. Resumen

210. Martins LHI, Ferreira DC, Silva MT, et al. Frequency of osteonecrosis in bisphosphonate users submitted to dental procedures: a systematic review. Oral Dis. 2023 Jan;29(1):75-99. Resumen

211. Gani LU, Sritara C, Blank RD, et al. Follow-up bone mineral density testing: 2023 official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2024 Jan-Mar;27(1):101440. Resumen

212. D'Andrea E, Schneeweiss S, Franklin JM, et al. Efficacy versus effectiveness: the horizon-pivotal fracture trial and its emulation in claims data. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025 Jan;77(1):12-21. Resumen

213. Billington E, Aghajafari F, Skulsky E, et al. Bisphosphonates. BMJ. 2024 Aug 21;386:e076898.

214. Paskins Z, Babatunde O, Sturrock A, et al. Supporting patients to get the best from their osteoporosis treatment: a rapid realist review of what works, for whom, and in what circumstance. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Nov;33(11):2245-57.Texto completo  Resumen

215. Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 31;(3):CD001255.Texto completo  Resumen