Se calcula que en EE.UU. hay alrededor de 2.4 a 3.1 millones de adultos afectados por la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (ya sea enfermedad de Crohn [EC] o colitis ulcerosa).[10]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): IBD facts and stats. Jun 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html
El inicio de la EC suele producirse entre la segunda y la cuarta década de la vida, con un pico menor entre los 50 y los 60 años.[11]Feuerstein JD, Cheifetz AS. Crohn disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Jul;92(7):1088-103.
https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(17)30313-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601423?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, et al. Crohn's disease. Lancet. 2017 Apr 29;389(10080):1741-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27914655?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan;142(1):46-54;e42;quiz e30.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(11)01378-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001864?tool=bestpractice.com
La EC es más común en el mundo industrializado, sobre todo en Norteamérica y Europa Occidental, pero su incidencia está aumentando en los países recientemente industrializados de Asia, Sudamérica y Oriente Medio.[11]Feuerstein JD, Cheifetz AS. Crohn disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Jul;92(7):1088-103.
https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(17)30313-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601423?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, et al. Crohn's disease. Lancet. 2017 Apr 29;389(10080):1741-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27914655?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan;142(1):46-54;e42;quiz e30.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(11)01378-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001864?tool=bestpractice.com
[14]Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. 2018 Dec 23;390(10114):2769-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29050646?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn's and colitis epidemiology study. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jul;145(1):158-65;e2.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00500-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583432?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Selvaratnam S, Gullino S, Shim L, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in South America: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Dec 21;25(47):6866-75.
https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i47/6866.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885427?tool=bestpractice.com
Una revisión sistemática informó de incidencias anuales de EC de 20.2 por 100,000 personas-año en Norteamérica, 12.7 por 100,000 personas-año en Europa y 5.0 por 100,000 personas-año en Asia y Oriente Medio.[13]Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan;142(1):46-54;e42;quiz e30.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(11)01378-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001864?tool=bestpractice.com
Un análisis combinado de cohortes poblacionales informó que las mujeres de los países occidentales tenían un menor riesgo de EC durante la infancia, hasta el intervalo de edad de 10 a 14 años.[17]Shah SC, Khalili H, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Sex-based differences in incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases-pooled analysis of population-based studies from western countries. Gastroenterology. 2018 Oct;155(4):1079-89.e3.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)34685-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29958857?tool=bestpractice.com
El riesgo de EC fue mayor a partir de entonces y fue estadísticamente significativo para las mujeres de 25 a 29 años y de >35 años.[17]Shah SC, Khalili H, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Sex-based differences in incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases-pooled analysis of population-based studies from western countries. Gastroenterology. 2018 Oct;155(4):1079-89.e3.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)34685-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29958857?tool=bestpractice.com
Por el contrario, se notificó una incidencia de EC entre un 36% y un 64% mayor en los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres, en la mayoría de los grupos etarios (desde la adolescencia temprana hasta los 50 años) en personas de la región de Asia y el Pacífico (P <0.001).[18]Shah SC, Khalili H, Chen CY, et al. Sex-based differences in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases-pooled analysis of population-based studies from the Asia-Pacific region. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Apr;49(7):904-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30773656?tool=bestpractice.com
La EC parece ser más común en personas de raza blanca y en individuos de origen judío asquenazí.[11]Feuerstein JD, Cheifetz AS. Crohn disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Jul;92(7):1088-103.
https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(17)30313-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601423?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Aniwan S, Harmsen WS, Tremaine WJ, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease by race and ethnicity in a population-based inception cohort from 1970 through 2010. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2019 Feb 6;12:1756284819827692.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1756284819827692
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30792818?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Betteridge JD, Armbruster SP, Maydonovitch C, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease prevalence by age, gender, race, and geographic location in the US military health care population. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jun;19(7):1421-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23518811?tool=bestpractice.com
Alrededor del 10% al 25% de los pacientes afectados tienen un familiar de primer grado con EC.[21]Peeters M, Nevens H, Baert F, et al. Familial aggregation in Crohn's disease: increased age-adjusted risk and concordance in clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology. 1996 Sep;111(3):597-603.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780562?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Joossens M, Simoens M, Vermeire S, et al. Contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease in a large family with multiple cases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 May;13(5):580-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206668?tool=bestpractice.com
Se ha informado una mayor prevalencia entre personas fumadoras.[23]Cosnes J, Beaugerie L, Carbonnel F, et al. Smoking cessation and the course of Crohn's disease: an intervention study. Gastroenterology. 2001 Apr;120(5):1093-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11266373?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Silverstein MD, Lashner BA, Hanauer SB, et al. Cigarette smoking in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Jan;84(1):31-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2912028?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, et al. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Nov;81(11):1462-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17120402?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Parkes GC, Whelan K, Lindsay JO. Smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: impact on disease course and insights into the aetiology of its effect. J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Aug;8(8):717-25.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636140?tool=bestpractice.com
Una revisión sistemática confirmó los altos valores de prevalencia de la EC en Europa (322 por 100,000 en Alemania) y en Norteamérica (319 por 100,000 en Canadá).[14]Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. 2018 Dec 23;390(10114):2769-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29050646?tool=bestpractice.com
Sin embargo, la incidencia de la EC parece ser estable o estar disminuyendo en estas áreas.[14]Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. 2018 Dec 23;390(10114):2769-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29050646?tool=bestpractice.com