Exame físico
Em geral, a maioria dos pacientes com PAF não apresenta nenhum sinal físico indicando que podem ter a doença.
Os pacientes podem apresentar anemia ferropriva, hábito intestinal alterado ou hematoquezia que leva a uma avaliação do trato gastrointestinal e à descoberta de múltiplos adenomas cólicos.[2]Bisgaard ML, Fenger K, Bulow S, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): frequency, penetrance, and mutation rate. Hum Mutat. 1994;3:121-125.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8199592?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Giardiello FM, Brensinger JK, Petersen GM. AGA technical review on hereditary colorectal cancer and genetic testing. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:198-213.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11438509?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
Manifestações extraintestinais da PAF podem ser evidentes e justificar testes genéticos.[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Poylin VY, Shaffer VO, Felder SI, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of inherited adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):213-27.
https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/fulltext/2024/02000/the_american_society_of_colon_and_rectal_surgeons.6.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37682806?tool=bestpractice.com
Isso inclui cistos de pele, lipomas e fibromas, dentes supranumerários, nódulos tireoidianos, osteomas, tumores desmoides, adenomas adrenais e hipertrofia congênita do epitélio pigmentar da retina.[10]Dinarvand P, Davaro EP, Doan JV, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome: an update and review of extraintestinal manifestations. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Nov;143(11):1382-98.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/aplm/article/143/11/1382/433640/Familial-Adenomatous-Polyposis-Syndrome-An-Update
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31070935?tool=bestpractice.com
Teste genético
O teste genético preditivo para pacientes com risco (isto é, pacientes com história familiar de PAF) e pacientes com suspeita de PAF é necessário para o diagnóstico.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[12]Yang J, Gurudu SR, Koptiuch C, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 May;91(5):963-82.e2.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(20)30054-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169282?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Poylin VY, Shaffer VO, Felder SI, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of inherited adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):213-27.
https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/fulltext/2024/02000/the_american_society_of_colon_and_rectal_surgeons.6.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37682806?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Monahan KJ, Bradshaw N, Dolwani S, et al. Guidelines for the management of hereditary colorectal cancer from the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG)/Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI)/United Kingdom Cancer Genetics Group (UKCGG). Gut. 2020 Mar;69(3):411-44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7034349
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31780574?tool=bestpractice.com
A maioria dos casos de PAF são causados por uma mutação das linhas germinativas no gene supressor tumoral APC, mas alguns casos resultam de mutação das linhas germinativas em POLD1, POLE ou GREM1.[16]Yamaguchi K, Komura M, Yamaguchi R, et al. Detection of APC mosaicism by next-generation sequencing in an FAP patient. J Hum Genet. 2015 May;60(5):227-31.
https://www.doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2015.14
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25716913?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Bellido F, Pineda M, Aiza G, et al. POLE and POLD1 mutations in 529 kindred with familial colorectal cancer and/or polyposis: review of reported cases and recommendations for genetic testing and surveillance. Genet Med. 2016 Apr;18(4):325-32.
https://www.doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.75
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26133394?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Esteban-Jurado C, Garre P, Vila M, et al. New genes emerging for colorectal cancer predisposition. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb 28;20(8):1961-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587672?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Rohlin A, Eiengård F, Lundstam U, et al. GREM1 and POLE variants in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2016 Jan;55(1):95-106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5057327
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26493165?tool=bestpractice.com
Se a variante patogênica já for conhecida, os pacientes devem ser submetidos a testes genéticos para a variante patogênica familiar identificada.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
Quando não há nenhuma variante patogênica conhecida em qualquer gene da polipose, a National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recomenda o teste do perfil multigênico de linha germinativa.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
O teste de linha germinativa é importante para diferenciar entre outras etiologias de polipose adenomatosa (por exemplo, polipose associada a MUTYH) para a consideração de rastreamento extracolônico, bem como aconselhamento, avaliação de risco e testagem de familiares.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
Embora a identificação de uma variante patogênica confirme o diagnóstico, a PAF não deve ser descartada mesmo quando uma variante patogênica não for identificada.[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
Para pacientes com risco, a European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) recomenda que os testes genéticos preditivos para PAF sejam oferecidos a crianças de 12-14 anos.[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
A American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recomenda uma faixa etária um pouco mais baixa para PAF, de 10-12 anos, estendendo-a para 18-20 anos em caso de PAF atenuada (PAFA).[12]Yang J, Gurudu SR, Koptiuch C, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 May;91(5):963-82.e2.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(20)30054-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169282?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, qualquer criança com história familiar de PAF/PAFA que apresente sangramento retal deve ser considerada para testes precoces.[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
Atualmente, não há consenso internacional sobre os critérios para os testes genéticos na PAF.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[12]Yang J, Gurudu SR, Koptiuch C, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 May;91(5):963-82.e2.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(20)30054-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169282?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Poylin VY, Shaffer VO, Felder SI, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of inherited adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):213-27.
https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/fulltext/2024/02000/the_american_society_of_colon_and_rectal_surgeons.6.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37682806?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al.; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com
O American College of Gastroenterology recomenda os testes em indivíduos que apresentam um dos seguintes critérios:[29]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al.; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com
História pessoal de >10 adenomas colorretais cumulativos
História familiar de uma das síndromes da polipose adenomatosa
História de adenomas e manifestações extracolônicas tipo PAF (adenomas duodenais/periampulares, tumores desmoides [abdominal>periférico], câncer de tireoide papilar, hipertrofia congênita do epitélio pigmentar da retina [HCEPR], cistos epidérmicos, osteomas)
A American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recomenda o teste genético nas seguintes situações:[12]Yang J, Gurudu SR, Koptiuch C, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 May;91(5):963-82.e2.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(20)30054-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169282?tool=bestpractice.com
Quando 10 ou mais pólipos adenomatosos cumulativos são observados em uma única colonoscopia
Se o paciente tiver 10 ou mais adenomas e história pessoal de câncer colorretal
Se o paciente tiver 20 ou mais pólipos adenomatosos durante a vida.
Os critérios da NCCN recomendam que os testes genéticos devem ser oferecidos nos seguintes casos:[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
História pessoal de ≥20 adenomas cumulativos
Variante patogênica conhecida em gene de polipose adenomatosa na família
Hipertrofia congênita do epitélio pigmentar da retina (HCEPR) multifocal/bilateral
Os testes genéticos devem ser considerados se o paciente tiver história pessoal de entre 10 e 19 adenomas cumulativos; tumor desmoide; hepatoblastoma; variante cribriforme-morular do câncer de tireoide papilar; HCEPR unilateral; ou se o paciente atender a critérios para síndrome de polipose serrilhada com pelo menos alguns adenomas.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
A American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons orienta que o diagnóstico de síndromes de polipose deve ser considerado em pacientes com:[28]Poylin VY, Shaffer VO, Felder SI, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of inherited adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):213-27.
https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/fulltext/2024/02000/the_american_society_of_colon_and_rectal_surgeons.6.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37682806?tool=bestpractice.com
>10 adenomas ao longo da vida
Câncer colorretal diagnosticado aos <50 anos de idade
História pessoal de doença desmoide ou outras manifestações intestinais da PAF
Familiares com PAF conhecida
O aconselhamento genético é recomendado para todos os pacientes com diagnóstico ou com suspeita de PAF.[9]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[12]Yang J, Gurudu SR, Koptiuch C, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 May;91(5):963-82.e2.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(20)30054-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169282?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Hyer W, Cohen S, Attard T, et al. Management of familial adenomatous polyposis in children and adolescents: Position paper from the ESPGHAN polyposis working group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Mar;68(3):428-41.
https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2019/03000/Management_of_Familial_Adenomatous_Polyposis_in.30.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585891?tool=bestpractice.com