Hipopituitarismo

Fleseriu M, Christ-Crain M, Langlois F, et al. Hypopituitarism. Lancet. 2024 Jun 15;403(10444):2632-48. Resumo

Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Texto completo  Resumo

Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.Texto completo  Resumo

Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Texto completo  Resumo

Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Endocr Pract. 2019 Nov;25(11):1191-232.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Dec;55(6):735-40. Resumo

2. Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Lopez-Raton M, Andujar P, et al. Epidemiology, mortality rate and survival in a homogeneous population of hypopituitary patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Feb;78(2):278-84. Resumo

3. Fleseriu M, Christ-Crain M, Langlois F, et al. Hypopituitarism. Lancet. 2024 Jun 15;403(10444):2632-48. Resumo

4. Tritos NA, Miller KK. Diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2023 Apr 25;329(16):1386-98. Resumo

5. Hietamäki J, Kärkinen J, Iivonen AP, et al. Presentation and diagnosis of childhood-onset combined pituitary hormone deficiency: a single center experience from over 30 years. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Jul 18;51:101556.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Jasim S, Alahdab F, Ahmed AT, et al. Mortality in adults with hypopituitarism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2017 Apr;56(1):33-42. Resumo

7. Nilsson B, Gustavasson-Kadaka E, Bengtsson BA, et al. Pituitary adenomas in Sweden between 1958 and 1991: incidence, survival and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1420-5. Resumo

8. Rosén T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):285-8. Resumo

9. Colao A, Di Somma C, Cuocolo A, et al. The severity of growth hormone deficiency correlates with the severity of cardiac impairment in 100 adult patients with hypopituitarism: an observational, case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):5998-6004. Resumo

10. Gazzaruso C, Gola M, Karamouzis I, et al. Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and following substitution with GH--an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan;99(1):18-29. Resumo

11. Emelifeonwu JA, Flower H, Loan JJ, et al. Prevalence of anterior pituitary dysfunction twelve months or more following traumatic brain injury in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Jan 15;37(2):217-26. Resumo

12. Blair JC. Prevalence, natural history and consequences of posttraumatic hypopituitarism: a case for endocrine surveillance. Br J Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;24(1):10-7. Resumo

13. Greenman Y, Stern N. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):625-38. Resumo

14. Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Texto completo  Resumo

15. DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, et al. Growth and endocrine sequelae of craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child. 1996 Aug;75(2):108-14. Resumo

16. Lee JS, Kim YH, Koh EJ, et al. Surgical indication of pediatric Rathke's cleft cyst based on a 20-year retrospective cohort. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023 Dec 1;32(6):729-38.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Sinnott B, Hatipoglu B, Sarne D. Intrasellar plasmacytoma presenting as a non-functional pituitary adenoma: case report & literature review. Pituitary. 2006;9(1):65-72. Resumo

18. He W, Chen F, Dalm B, et al. Metastatic involvement of the pituitary gland: a systematic review with pooled individual patient data analysis. Pituitary. 2015 Feb;18(1):159-68. Resumo

19. Ng S, Fomekong F, Delabar V, et al. Current status and treatment modalities in metastases to the pituitary: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2020 Jan;146(2):219-27. Resumo

20. Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville JF, et al. Pituitary apoplexy. Endocr Rev. 2015 Dec;36(6):622-45.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Mar;72(3):377-82.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Barkan AL. Pituitary atrophy in patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 1989 Jul;298(1):38-40. Resumo

23. Woodmansee WW. Pituitary disorders in pregnancy. Neurol Clin. 2019 Feb;37(1):63-83. Resumo

24. Post KD, McCormick PC, Bello JA. Differential diagnosis of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Sep;16(3):609-45. Resumo

25. Jenkins PJ, Chew SL, Lowe DG, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: unusual features of a rare disorder. Clin Endocrinol. 1995 May;42(5):529-34. Resumo

26. Molitch ME, Gillam MP. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Horm Res. 2007;68 Suppl 5:145-50. Resumo

27. Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, et al. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Aug;80(8):2302-11. Resumo

28. Dillard T, Yedinak CG, Alumkal J, et al. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis: serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes. Pituitary. 2010;13(1):29-38. Resumo

29. Faje AT, Sullivan R, Lawrence D, et al. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: a detailed longitudinal analysis in a large cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4078-85. Resumo

30. Oliveira C, Mainoli B, Duarte GS, et al. Immune-related serious adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 May;80(5):677-84.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Vardarli I, Tan S, Brandenburg T, et al. Risk and incidence of endocrine immune-related adverse effects under checkpoint inhibitor mono- or combination therapy in solid tumors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Mar 15;109(4):1132-44.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol. 1985 Sep;42(9):909-17. Resumo

33. Kaltsas TB, Powles TB, Evanson J, et al. Hypothalamopituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological and radiological features and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1370-6. Resumo

34. Basaria S, Ayala AR, Guerin C, et al. A rare pituitary lesion. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 Mar;23(3):189-92. Resumo

35. Krishnan G, Mohd Makhatar NH, Ching TH, et al. Primary pituitary tuberculoma with a pituitary apoplexy-like presentation. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2024 Jan 29;2024(1):23-0092.Texto completo  Resumo

36. Ferreiro J, Vinters HV. Pathology of the pituitary gland in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Pathology. 1988 Jul;20(3):211-5. Resumo

37. Jullien N, Saveanu A, Vergier J, et al. Clinical lessons learned in constitutional hypopituitarism from two decades of experience in a large international cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Feb;94(2):277-89. Resumo

38. Carvalho LR, Woods KS, Mendonca BB, et al. A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J Clin Invest. 2003 Oct;112(8):1192-201. Resumo

39. Wu W, Cogan JD, Pfaffle RW, et al. Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):147-9. Resumo

40. Vallette-Kasic S, Brue T, Pulichino AM, et al. Congenital isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency: an underestimated cause of neonatal death, explained by TPIT gene mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1323-31. Resumo

41. Minniti G, Flickinger J. The risk/benefit ratio of radiotherapy in pituitary tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr;33(2):101269. Resumo

42. Thakur JD, Corlin A, Mallari RJ, et al. Complication avoidance protocols in endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery: a retrospective cohort study in 514 patients. Pituitary. 2021 Dec;24(6):930-42.Texto completo  Resumo

43. Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM. Clinical factors involved in the recurrence of pituitary adenomas after surgical remission: a structured review and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2012 Mar;15(1):71-83.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Leal-Cerro A, Rincón MD, Domingo MP, et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction and brain damage: a consensus statement [in Spanish]. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Jun-Jul;56(6):293-302. Resumo

45. Edwards OM, Clark JD. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986 Sep;65(5):281-90. Resumo

46. Tritos NA, Yuen KC, Kelly DF; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology disease state clinical review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury. Endocr Pract. 2015 Jul;21(7):823-31. Resumo

47. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, et al. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Aug;51(2):181-8. Resumo

49. Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, et al. Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug;79(2):348-54. Resumo

50. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumors in adults. Q J Med. 1989 Feb;70(262):145-60. Resumo

51. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Sep;31(3):363-73. Resumo

52. Sklar CA, Antal Z, Chemaitilly W, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary and growth disorders in survivors of childhood cancer: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2761-84.Texto completo  Resumo

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. May 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

54. Sert M, Tetiker T, Kirim S. Clinical report of 28 patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Endocr J. 2003 Jun;50(3):297-301. Resumo

55. Chiloiro S, Giampietro A, Bianchi A, et al. Empty sella syndrome: multiple endocrine disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021;181:29-40. Resumo

56. Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66. Resumo

57. Oelkers W. Hyponatremin and inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in patients with hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 24;321(8):492-6. Resumo

58. Jones SL, Trainer PJ, Perry L, et al. An audit of the insulin tolerance testing adult subjects in an acute investigation unit over one year. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jul;41(1):123-8. Resumo

59. Paragliola RM, Locantore P, Corsello SM, et al. Treating hypopituitarism in the over 65s: review of clinical studies. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Mar 21:18:423-39.Texto completo  Resumo

60. Wang MTM, Meyer JA, Danesh-Meyer HV. Neuro-ophthalmic evaluation and management of pituitary disease. Eye (Lond). 2024 Aug;38(12):2279-88. Resumo

61. Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91. Resumo

62. Ugga L, Franca RA, Scaravilli A, et al. Neoplasms and tumor-like lesions of the sellar region: imaging findings with correlation to pathology and 2021 WHO classification. Neuroradiology. 2023 Apr;65(4):675-99.Texto completo  Resumo

63. MacFarlane J, Bashari WA, Senanayake R, et al. Advances in the imaging of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;49(3):357-73. Resumo

64. Pavord SR, Girach A, Price DE, et al. A retrospective audit of the combined pituitary function test using the insulin stress test, TRH and GnRH in a district laboratory. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Feb;36(2):135-9. Resumo

65. Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Zha L, Li J, Krishnan SM, et al. New diagnostic cutoffs for adrenal insufficiency after cosyntropin stimulation using Abbott Architect cortisol immunoassay. Endocr Pract. 2022 Jul;28(7):684-9. Resumo

68. Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):667-75. Resumo

69. Scranton RA, Baskin DS. Impaired pituitary axes following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2015 Jul 13;4(7):1463-79.Texto completo  Resumo

70. Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):255-61. Resumo

71. Reincke M, Fleseriu M. Cushing syndrome: a review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):170-81. Resumo

72. Martin MM. Coexisting anterior pituitary and neurohypophyseal insufficiency. A syndrome with diagnostic implication. Arch Intern Med. 1969 Apr;123(4):409-16. Resumo

73. Min L, Hodi FS, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Systemic high-dose corticosteroid treatment does not improve the outcome of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Feb 15;21(4):749-55.Texto completo  Resumo

74. Albarel F, Gaudy C, Castinetti F, et al. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a common adverse event of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in melanoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Feb;172(2):195-204. Resumo

75. Torgerson DJ, Bell-Seyer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2891-7. Resumo

76. Armitage M, Nooney J, Evans S. Recent concerns surrounding HRT. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):145-55. Resumo

77. Miller KK, Sesmilo G, Schiller A, et al. Androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):561-7. Resumo

78. Cunningham GR, Toma SM. Clinical review: why is androgen replacement in males controversial? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):38-52. Resumo

79. Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):828-37.Texto completo  Resumo

80. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):109-22.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of testosterone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jul 13;389(2):107-17.Texto completo  Resumo

82. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging; requires labeling change to inform of possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke with use. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

83. European Medicines Agency. No consistent evidence of an increased risk of heart problems with testosterone medicines. Nov 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

84. Hazem A, Elamin MB, Bancos I, et al. Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jan;166(1):13-20. Resumo

85. Jørgensen AP, Fougner KJ, Ueland T, et al. Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-75. Resumo

86. Carroll PV, Christ ER, Bengtsson BA, et al. Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):382-95.Texto completo  Resumo

87. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human growth hormone (somatropin) for the treatment of growth failure in children. May 2010 [internet publication].Texto completo

88. Jasim S, Alahdab F, Ahmed AT, et al. The effect of growth hormone replacement in patients with hypopituitarism on pituitary tumor recurrence, secondary cancer, and stroke. Endocrine. 2017 May;56(2):267-78. Resumo

89. Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Endocr Pract. 2019 Nov;25(11):1191-232.Texto completo  Resumo

90. Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):263-8. Resumo

91. Johannsson G, Ragnarsson O. Growth hormone deficiency in adults with hypopituitarism-what are the risks and can they be eliminated by therapy? J Intern Med. 2021 Dec;290(6):1180-93.Texto completo  Resumo

92. Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, et al. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1169-72. Resumo

93. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet. 2001 Feb 10;357(9254):425-31. Resumo