A evolução natural dos pacientes com distúrbios associados a síndromes da hipoventilação varia dependendo da causa subjacente.
Dados observacionais sugerem uma associação entre os distúrbios respiratórios do sono, especialmente a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), e maiores riscos de AVC, doença de Alzheimer, demências relacionadas à doença de Alzheimer, demência da doença de Parkinson e demência por todas as causas.[120]Gottesman RF, Lutsey PL, Benveniste H, et al. Impact of sleep disorders and disturbed sleep on brain health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2024 Mar;55(3):e61-76.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STR.0000000000000453
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38235581?tool=bestpractice.com
[121]Titova OE, Yuan S, Baron JA, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing-related symptoms and risk of stroke: cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis. J Neurol. 2022 May;269(5):2460-8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9021054
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34596745?tool=bestpractice.com
[122]Xie C, Zhu R, Tian Y, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with the risk of vascular outcomes and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 22;7(12):e013983.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5770910
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29275335?tool=bestpractice.com
[123]Dong JY, Zhang YH, Qin LQ. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 2013 Aug;229(2):489-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23684511?tool=bestpractice.com
[124]Tsai MS, Li HY, Huang CG, et al. Risk of alzheimer's disease in obstructive sleep apnea patients with or without treatment: real-world evidence. Laryngoscope. 2020 Sep;130(9):2292-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32045010?tool=bestpractice.com
[125]Guay-Gagnon M, Vat S, Forget MF, et al. Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2022 Oct;31(5):e13589.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35366021?tool=bestpractice.com
Síndrome da hipoventilação na obesidade (SHO)
Se não forem tratados, os pacientes com SHO leve apresentam menor qualidade de vida, maior sonolência e hipertensão pulmonar mais grave em comparação com pacientes com AOS. Os pacientes com SHO apresentam maiores taxas de internação em unidades de terapia intensiva e de necessidade de ventilação mecânica que pacientes com graus semelhantes de obesidade, mas sem SHO.[126]Nowbar S, Burkart KM, Gonzales R, et al. Obesity-associated hypoventilation in hospitalized patients: prevalence, effects, and outcome. Am J Med. 2004;116:1-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14706658?tool=bestpractice.com
Um estudo demonstrou maior risco de insuficiência respiratória pós-operatória e insuficiência cardíaca após uma cirurgia eletiva não cardíaca em pacientes com SHO e AOS em comparação com pacientes com AOS isoladamente.[127]Kaw R, Bhateja P, Mar HP, et al. Postoperative complications in patients with unrecognized obesity hypoventilation syndrome undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. Chest. 2016;149:84-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996642?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento adequado precoce da SHO está associado a uma redução da morbidade e da mortalidade.[40]Mokhlesi B, Masa JF, Brozek JL, et al. Evaluation and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Aug 1;200(3):e6-e24.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201905-1071ST
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31368798?tool=bestpractice.com
[70]Bouloukaki I, Mermigkis C, Michelakis S, et al. The association between adherence to positive airway pressure therapy and long-term outcomes in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a prospective observational study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Sep 15;14(9):1539-1550.
http://jcsm.aasm.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=31380
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30176976?tool=bestpractice.com
[128]Kreivi HR, Itäluoma T, Bachour A. Effect of ventilation therapy on mortality rate among obesity hypoventilation syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea patients. ERJ Open Res. 2020 May 11;6(2):00101-2019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7211948
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420312?tool=bestpractice.com
Distúrbios torácicos restritivos
Em muitos pacientes com síndrome de hipoventilação decorrente de doença neuromuscular, a evolução da doença afetará o desfecho final. No entanto, intervenções terapêuticas, como a ventilação não invasiva noturna, podem ter um efeito significativo sobre a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida.[49]Lechtzin N, Scott Y, Busse AM, et al. Early use of non-invasive ventilation prolongs survival in subjects with ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2007;8:185-188.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538782?tool=bestpractice.com
[78]Young HK, Lowe A, Fitzgerald DA, et al. Outcome of noninvasive ventilation in children with neuromuscular disease. Neurology. 2007;68:198-201.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224573?tool=bestpractice.com
[79]Piper AJ, Sullivan CE. Effects of long-term nocturnal nasal ventilation on spontaneous breathing during sleep in neuromuscular and chest wall disorders. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1515-1522.
http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/9/7/1515.full.pdf+html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8836668?tool=bestpractice.com
[80]Mellies U, Ragette R, Dohna Schwake CD, et al. Longterm noninvasive ventilation in children and adolescents with neuromuscular disorders. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:631-636.
http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/22/4/631.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14582916?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Bourke SC, Tomlinson M, Williams TL, et al. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:140-147.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426990?tool=bestpractice.com
Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC)
Embora a gravidade da doença defina, em última análise, o desfecho nos pacientes com DPOC, demonstrou-se que a ventilação não invasiva noturna melhora a troca gasosa, a qualidade do sono e a qualidade de vida nesses pacientes.[109]Krachman SL, Quaranta AJ, Berger TJ, et al. Effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on gas exchange and sleep in COPD patients. Chest. 1997 Sep;112(3):623-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315793?tool=bestpractice.com
[110]Jones SE, Packham S, Hebden M, et al. Domiciliary nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe COPD: long-term follow-up and effect on survival. Thorax. 1998:53:495-498.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9713450?tool=bestpractice.com
[112]Elliott MW, Simonds AK, Carroll MP, et al. Domiciliary nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive lung disease: effects on sleep and quality of life. Thorax. 1992;47:342-348.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609376?tool=bestpractice.com
Além disso, em estudos foi observada melhora na sobrevida dos pacientes com DPOC hipercápnica que receberam ventilação não invasiva com oxigenoterapia, em comparação com a oxigenoterapia isolada.[111]McEvoy RD, Pierce JR, Hillman PD, et al. Nocturnal non-invasive nasal ventilation in stable hypercapnic COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2009;64:561-566.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213769?tool=bestpractice.com
[114]Murphy PB, Rehal S, Arbane G, et al. Effect of home noninvasive ventilation with oxygen therapy vs oxygen therapy alone on hospital readmission or death after an acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Jun 6;317(21):2177-2186.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2627985
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28528348?tool=bestpractice.com
Respiração de Cheyne-Stokes (RCS)
Foi demonstrado que, nos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, a mortalidade é maior nos que têm RCS que nos que não a têm, apesar de terem graus semelhantes de insuficiência cardíaca.[129]Hanly PJ, Zuberi-Khokhar NS. Increased mortality associated with Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:272-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8542128?tool=bestpractice.com
Embora tenha sido demonstrado que a ventilação não invasiva noturna melhora a função cardíaca e reduz significativamente os distúrbios respiratórios do sono, seu efeito sobre a sobrevida livre de transplante permanece incerto.[92]Bradley TD, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2025-2033.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa051001#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16282177?tool=bestpractice.com
[93]Arzt M, Floras JS, Logan AG, et al. Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure. Circulation. 2007 Jun 26;115(25):3173-80.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/115/25/3173.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17562959?tool=bestpractice.com