Caso clínico #1
Um homem de 19 anos de idade é diagnosticado com linfoma difuso de grandes células B agressivo. A doença é volumosa, envolvendo linfonodos (acima e abaixo do diafragma), baço e medula óssea. A lactato desidrogenase sérica está significativamente elevada, mas a função renal e os eletrólitos estão dentro dos limites normais. Vinte e quatro horas após iniciar quimioterapia agressiva, ele queixou-se de náuseas, vômitos, diarreia e letargia. Ele se tornou oligúrico e está hipertenso e com taquicardia. A bioquímica revela hiperuricemia, hipercalemia, hiperfosfatemia, ureia elevada e creatinina elevada.
Outras apresentações
Outras manifestações clínicas da SLT incluem anorexia, hematúria, dor no flanco, anuria, urina turva, dor/desconforto articular, cãibras e espasmos musculares, fraqueza muscular, paralisia, parestesia, tetania, síncope, dor torácica, dispneia, insuficiência cardíaca, disritmia cardíaca, bradicardia, convulsão, confusão, delirium, alucinações, laringoespasmo (raro) e morte súbita.[2]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):3-11.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Howard SC, Jones DP, Pui CH. The tumor lysis syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 12;364(19):1844-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561350?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx#site
A lesão renal aguda pode causar sobrecarga hídrica e edema periférico ou pulmonar.[2]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):3-11.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Jeha S. Tumor lysis syndrome. Semin Hematol. 2001 Oct;38(4 suppl 10):4-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694945?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Davidson MB, Thakkar S, Hix JK, et al. Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. Am J Med. 2004 Apr 15;116(8):546-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15063817?tool=bestpractice.com
Normalmente, as manifestações clínicas da SLT ocorrem de 12 a 72 horas após o início do tratamento para o câncer.[2]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):3-11.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Mughal TI, Ejaz AA, Foringer JR, et al. An integrated clinical approach for the identification, prevention, and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010 Apr;36(2):164-76.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031331?tool=bestpractice.com
Os sinais laboratoriais de SLT podem aparecer desde 6 horas após o início do tratamento.[8]Jones GL, Will A, Jackson GH, et al. Guidelines for the management of tumour lysis syndrome in adults and children with haematological malignancies on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jun;169(5):661-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13403
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25876990?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Hallek M. Preventing and monitoring for tumor lysis syndrome and other toxicities of venetoclax during treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):357-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000120
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275717?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Tambaro FP, Wierda WG. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with BCL-2 inhibitors: risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment recommendations. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Feb;7(2):e168-e176.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32004486?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Venetoclax (Venclyxto): updated recommendations on tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/venetoclax-venclyxtov-updated-recommendations-on-tumour-lysis-syndrome-tls