A prevenção de agentes estrogenizantes pode ser bastante facilitada por uma prescrição criteriosa. Em relação aos medicamentos comumente prescritos, selecione aqueles que têm menor probabilidade de causar aumento das mamas masculinas.
Os seguintes agentes são listados em ordem crescente de risco de ginecomastia:[28]Dobs A, Darkes MJ. Incidence and management of gynecomastia in men treated for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005 Nov;174(5):1737-42.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217274?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Jensen RT, Collen MJ, Pandol SJ, et al. Cimetidine-induced impotence and breast changes in patients with gastric hypersecretory states. N Engl J Med. 1983 Apr 14;308(15):883-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6835285?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Thompson DF, Carter JR. Drug-induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy. 1993 Jan-Feb;13(1):37-45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8094898?tool=bestpractice.com
[36]Huffman DH, Kampmann JP, Hignite CE, et al. Gynecomastia induced in normal males by spironolactone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978 Oct;24(4):465-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/688736?tool=bestpractice.com
[38]Parthasarathy HK, Ménard J, White WB, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2011 May;29(5):980-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21451421?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S, et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3469-78.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/84/10/3469/2660490
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10522982?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Pastuszak AW, Gomez LP, Scovell JM, et al. Comparison of the effects of testosterone gels, injections, and pellets on serum hormones, erythrocytosis, lipids, and prostate-specific antigen. Sex Med. 2015 Sep;3(3):165-73.
https://academic.oup.com/smoa/article/3/3/165/6956248
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26468380?tool=bestpractice.com
Antagonista H2: cimetidina
Bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio: diltiazem < nifedipina
Antagonistas da aldosterona: eplerenona < espironolactona
Reposição de testosterona em homens com hipogonadismo: adesivo transdérmico ou gel < intramuscular
Terapias para câncer de próstata: orquiectomia bilateral < agonista do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina < terapia antiandrogênica não esteroidal < dietilestilbestrol < estrogênio.
Considere o seguinte quando bicalutamida ou flutamida são usadas no tratamento do câncer de próstata:[54]Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Battaglia M, et al. Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):808-15.
http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.12.013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15681525?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Salzstein D, Sieber P, Morris T, et al. Prevention and management of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia and breast pain: randomized endocrinologic and clinical studies with tamoxifen and anastrozole. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8(1):75-83.
https://www.nature.com/articles/4500782
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15685254?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Fradet Y, Egerdie B, Andersen M, et al. Tamoxifen as prophylaxis for prevention of gynaecomastia and breast pain associated with bicalutamide 150 mg monotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Eur Urol. 2007 Jul;52(1):106-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270340?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Viani GA, Bernardes da Silva LG, Stefano EJ. Prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain caused by androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: tamoxifen or radiotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 15;83(4):e519-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22704706?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Kunath F, Keck B, Antes G, et al. Tamoxifen for the management of breast events induced by non-steroidal antiandrogens in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012 Aug 28;10:96.
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-96
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925442?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Tyrrell CJ, Payne H, Tammela TL, et al. Prophylactic breast irradiation with a single dose of electron beam radiotherapy (10 Gy) significantly reduces the incidence of bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Oct 1;60(2):476-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15380582?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]Perdonà S, Autorino R, De Placido S, et al. Efficacy of tamoxifen and radiotherapy for prevention and treatment of gynecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide in prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005 May;6(5):295-300.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15863377?tool=bestpractice.com
O tamoxifeno profilático reduz o desenvolvimento de ginecomastia
A irradiação das mamas em baixas doses (10-15 unidades gray) reduz o desenvolvimento da ginecomastia, mas é menos efetiva que o tamoxifeno
O inibidor da aromatase anastrozol não é mais efetivo que o placebo na prevenção de ginecomastia.
A prevenção da obesidade, em teoria, também deve reduzir o desenvolvimento de ginecomastia.