Quadro clínico
A fasciite necrosante pode ser classificada de acordo com o quadro clínico, que baseia-se nos sinais e sintomas clínicos, e sua velocidade de início.
Fulminante
Esse é o tipo mais grave de fasciite necrosante e tem um prognóstico desfavorável.[7]Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00054.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722877?tool=bestpractice.com
O paciente terá necrose extensa dos tecidos, que evolui por horas e ficará sistemicamente mal com sepse.[7]Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00054.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722877?tool=bestpractice.com
Aguda
Os sinais e sintomas se desenvolvem por dias. Normalmente associada com uma pele identificável ou história de trauma, com dor desproporcional aos achados clínicos.[7]Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00054.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722877?tool=bestpractice.com
Inicialmente, o paciente pode estar sistemicamente bem, mas pode deteriorar de dias a horas.[7]Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00054.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722877?tool=bestpractice.com
Insidioso
Sintomas inespecíficos ou variáveis com início insidioso.[7]Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00054.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722877?tool=bestpractice.com
A dor localizada no local da lesão cutânea pode ser leve ou ausente.[7]Carter PS, Banwell PE. Necrotising fasciitis: a new management algorithm based on clinical classification. Int Wound J. 2004 Sep;1(3):189-98.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-4801.2004.00054.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722877?tool=bestpractice.com
Organismo causador
A fasciite necrosante pode ser classificada de acordo com o organismo causador, quando ele é identificado em culturas de sangue ou tecido.
Tipo I
Infecção polimicrobiana com um anaeróbio, como Bacteroides ou Peptostreptococcus, associado a um anaeróbio facultativo, como certas Enterobacterales (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus) ou estreptococos que não pertencem ao grupo A.[1]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[2]Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-018-0219-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564282?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35033131?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Diab J, Bannan A, Pollitt T. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2020 Apr 27;369:m1428. É observada com mais frequência em pacientes idosos e naqueles com doenças subjacentes.[8]Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 7;377(23):2253-65.
Tipo II
Infecção monomicrobiana, mais comumente por Streptococcus pyogenes (estreptococos do grupo A), estreptococos anaeróbios ou, raramente, outros patógenos, como Staphylococcus aureus positivo para leucocidina Panton-Valentine (PVL) e MRSA.[1]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[2]Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-018-0219-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564282?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35033131?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Diab J, Bannan A, Pollitt T. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2020 Apr 27;369:m1428. Outras etiologias infecciosas raramente podem causar uma infecção necrosante monomicrobiana associada com exposições específicas ou fatores de risco:
Aeromonas hydrophila, associada à exposição à água doce.[3]Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35033131?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Kuo YL, Shieh SJ, Chiu HY, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: epidemiology, clinical findings, treatment and prevention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;26(11):785-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17674061?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Markov G, Kirov G, Lyutskanov V, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis due to Aeromonas hydrophila. Wounds. 2007 Aug;19(8):223-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110366?tool=bestpractice.com
Vibrio vulnificus, por exposição à água salgada ou consumo de ostras cruas contaminadas.[3]Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35033131?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Kuo YL, Shieh SJ, Chiu HY, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: epidemiology, clinical findings, treatment and prevention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;26(11):785-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17674061?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Markov G, Kirov G, Lyutskanov V, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis due to Aeromonas hydrophila. Wounds. 2007 Aug;19(8):223-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110366?tool=bestpractice.com
Klebsiella pneumoniae, em países do Sudeste Asiático, em particular Taiwan.[11]Rahim GR, Gupta N, Maheshwari P, et al. Monomicrobial Klebsiella pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis: an emerging life-threatening entity. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019 Mar;25(3):316-23.
https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(18)30420-8/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29787886?tool=bestpractice.com
Clostridium, pode causar fasciite necrosante gangrenosa. Geralmente acompanha um traumatismo penetrante grave ou lesão por esmagamento com interrupção do suprimento de sangue para a área afetada. Pode ser difícil de diferenciar clinicamente.[5]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/e10/2895845
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com
Consulte Gangrena.
Muito raramente, a infecção monomicrobiana é causada por patógenos fúngicos, como a mucormicose.[4]Diab J, Bannan A, Pollitt T. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2020 Apr 27;369:m1428. A mucormicose foi relatada como causa em pacientes imunocomprometidos e imunocompetentes.[12]Jain D, Kumar Y, Vasishta RK, et al. Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: a series of 18 cases. Mod Pathol. 2006 Sep;19(9):1221-6.
http://www.nature.com/articles/3800639
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741524?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Neblett Fanfair R, Benedict K, Bos J, et al. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6;367(23):2214-25.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1204781
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23215557?tool=bestpractice.com
[14]Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Apr;13(2):236-301.
http://cmr.asm.org/content/13/2/236.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10756000?tool=bestpractice.com
A classificação acima baseia-se nas vias clínicas globais da World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) para pacientes com infecções de pele e de tecidos moles e na opinião de especialistas.[3]Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35033131?tool=bestpractice.com
Algumas referências, incluindo outras publicações da WSES, subclassificam adicionalmente as infecções monomicrobianas Gram-negativas, incluindo infecções por Aeromonas e Vibrio como tipo III e infecções fúngicas como tipo IV.[2]Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-018-0219-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564282?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Hua C, Urbina T, Bosc R, et al. Necrotising soft-tissue infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Mar;23(3):e81-94.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36252579?tool=bestpractice.com
Local anatômico
A gangrena de Fournier é a fasciite necrosante do tipo I do escroto ou do períneo masculino.[1]Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015:1194-215.[2]Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018 Dec 14;13:58.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-018-0219-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564282?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-022-00406-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35033131?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Diab J, Bannan A, Pollitt T. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2020 Apr 27;369:m1428.[5]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/59/2/e10/2895845
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, et al. Necrotising fasciitis. BMJ. 2005 Apr 9;330(7495):830-3. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1143].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817551?tool=bestpractice.com
A gangrena sinérgica de Meleney é a gangrena dos tecidos da parede abdominal, com infecção sinérgica com enterobactérias e estreptococos.[17]Pérez-Flecha González M, Muñoz Rodríguez JM, San Miguel Mendez C, et al. Meleney's synergic gangrene. J Gastrointest Surg. 2021 Mar;25(3):849-51.
A fasciite necrosante cérvico-facial é uma infecção gangrenosa de evolução rápida da pele, tecido subcutâneo e fáscia o pescoço e do rosto.[18]Ord R, Coletti D. Cervico-facial necrotizing fasciitis. Oral Dis. 2009 Mar;15(2):133-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207484?tool=bestpractice.com
Existem outras classificações e, às vezes, são usadas ao discutir a fasciite necrosante no contexto de infecções no local da cirurgia ou organismos raros.