A abordagem de manejo descrita neste tópico se concentra em adultos com LH.
A quimioterapia e a radioterapia são normalmente utilizadas para tratar o linfoma de Hodgkin em estádio inicial. A quimioterapia isolada ou combinada com imunoterapia é recomendada para casos avançados de linfoma de Hodgkin. O objetivo do tratamento de todos os pacientes com LH é a cura, minimizando o risco de toxicidade e complicações em longo prazo.
O LH em pacientes idosos (com idade >60 anos) está associado a desfechos piores e maior toxicidade e mortalidade relacionadas ao tratamento, em comparação com pacientes mais jovens.[45]Jagadeesh D, Diefenbach C, Evens AM. XII. Hodgkin lymphoma in older patients: challenges and opportunities to improve outcomes. Hematol Oncol. 2013 Jun;31 Suppl 1:69-75.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hon.2070
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775654?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Böll B, Görgen H, Fuchs M, et al. ABVD in older patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD10 and HD11 trials. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 20;31(12):1522-9.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.4181?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509310?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Ballova V, Rüffer JU, Haverkamp H, et al. A prospectively randomized trial carried out by the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) for elderly patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease comparing BEACOPP baseline and COPP-ABVD (study HD9elderly). Ann Oncol. 2005 Jan;16(1):124-31.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)41646-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598949?tool=bestpractice.com
Esquemas de tratamento alternativos podem ser considerados para pacientes com >60 anos ou com baixa capacidade funcional ou comorbidades substanciais. A bleomicina deve ser usada com cautela; os esquemas padrão podem ser adaptados de modo a remover a bleomicina ou restringir seu uso a apenas dois ciclos.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Nivolumabe associado a AVD (doxorrubicina associada a vimblastina e dacarbazina) pode ser uma opção para pacientes idosos (>60 anos) com doença avançada.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
LH clássico em estádio inicial (estádios I a II)
A ausência ou a presença de critérios de prognóstico específicos determina se o paciente tem doença em estádio inicial favorável ou desfavorável. Os critérios de prognóstico favorável do German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) (consulte Critérios de diagnóstico) são mais comumente utilizados nos EUA:[42]Dhakal S, Advani R, Ballas LK, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® Hodgkin lymphoma-favorable prognosis stage I and II. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;39(6):535-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27643717?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]German Hodgkin Study Group. Disease stages and risk factors. 2019 [internet publication].
https://en.ghsg.org/disease-stages
Taxa de massa mediastinal (TMM) <0.33
Velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) <50 mm/hora se não houver sintomas B; VHS <30 mm/hora se sintomas B estiverem presentes
Envolvimento de ≤2 sítios nodais
Ausência de doença extranodal
O tratamento mais eficaz para a doença em estádio inicial (favorável ou desfavorável) é a terapia de modalidade combinada, que compreende quimioterapia combinada (normalmente, ABVD [doxorrubicina, bleomicina, vinblastina, dacarbazina]) seguida de radioterapia.[49]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4634-42.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.09.085
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837968?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]Straus DJ, Portlock CS, Qin J, et al. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by radiation therapy (RT) versus ABVD alone for stages I, II, and IIIA nonbulky Hodgkin disease. Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3483-9.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/104/12/3483.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315964?tool=bestpractice.com
[51]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Noordijk EM, Carde P, Dupouy N, et al. Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.05.2746
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754934?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Press OW, LeBlanc M, Lichter AS, et al. Phase III randomized intergroup trial of subtotal lymphoid irradiation versus doxorubicin, vinblastine, and subtotal lymphoid irradiation for stage IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Nov 15;19(22):4238-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11709567?tool=bestpractice.com
[54]Specht L, Gray RG, Clarke MJ, et al. Influence of more extensive radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term outcome of early-stage Hodgkin's disease: a meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials involving 3,888 patients. International Hodgkin's Disease Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):830-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508163?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, et al; Children's Cancer Group. Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3765-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228196?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Fermé C, Thomas J, Brice P, et al. ABVD or BEACOPP(baseline) along with involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma with risk factors: results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-Groupe d'Étude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) H9-U intergroup randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Aug;81:45-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601705?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2835-45.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00964
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31498753?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Goldkuhle M, Kreuzberger N, von Tresckow B, et al. Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Dec 2;12(12):CD007110.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39620432?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma abordagem apenas com quimioterapia pode ser considerada se for preferível evitar a radioterapia (por exemplo, por causa da idade do paciente, sexo, história familiar de câncer ou doença cardíaca, comorbidades, sítios de envolvimento).[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[60]Connors JM. The case for chemotherapy alone for limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncologist. 2012;17(8):1011-3.
http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/17/8/1011.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807512?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Hill-Kayser CE, Plastaras JP, Tochner Z, et al. The case for combined-modality therapy for limited-stage Hodgkin's disease. Oncologist. 2012;17(8):1006-10.
http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/17/8/1006.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807513?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
A decisão de omitir a radioterapia deve envolver a opinião especializada de uma equipe multidisciplinar e discussão com o paciente sobre riscos e benefícios.
A quimioterapia isolada está associada a uma taxa ligeiramente menor de controle do tumor e a uma maior taxa de recidiva em comparação com a terapia de modalidade combinada. Taxas de sobrevida semelhantes foram relatadas, mas faltam dados de longo prazo sobre a sobrevida global e os eventos adversos.[49]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4634-42.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.09.085
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837968?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]Straus DJ, Portlock CS, Qin J, et al. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by radiation therapy (RT) versus ABVD alone for stages I, II, and IIIA nonbulky Hodgkin disease. Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3483-9.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/104/12/3483.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315964?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, et al; Children's Cancer Group. Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3765-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228196?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Goldkuhle M, Kreuzberger N, von Tresckow B, et al. Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Dec 2;12(12):CD007110.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39620432?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Hay AE, Klimm B, Chen BE, et al. An individual patient-data comparison of combined modality therapy and ABVD alone for patients with limited-stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2013 Dec;24(12):3065-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt389
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24121121?tool=bestpractice.com
Radioterapia para LH em estádio inicial
A radioterapia do sítio envolvido é preferida à radioterapia tradicional do campo envolvido por causa do menor risco de efeitos adversos.[68]Specht L, Yahalom J, Illidge T, et al. Modern radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: field and dose guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group (ILROG). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Jul 15;89(4):854-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790512?tool=bestpractice.com
[69]Roberts KB, Younes A, Hodgson DC, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® Hodgkin lymphoma-unfavorable clinical stage I and II. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016 Aug;39(4):384-95.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/COC.0000000000000294
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299425?tool=bestpractice.com
[70]Kamran SC, Jacene HA, Chen YH, et al. Clinical outcome of patients with early stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma treated with ABVD × two cycles followed by FDG-PET/CT restaging and 20 Gy of involved-site radiotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018 Jun;59(6):1384-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937297?tool=bestpractice.com
[71]Wirth A, Mikhaeel NG, Aleman BMP, et al. Involved site radiation therapy in adult lymphomas: an overview of International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group guidelines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020 Aug 1;107(5):909-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.03.019
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32272184?tool=bestpractice.com
A radioterapia do sítio envolvido concentra a radiação apenas nos linfonodos envolvidos e nos sítios próximos, minimizando a exposição à radiação em estruturas não envolvidas.
Os efeitos adversos agudos da radioterapia dependem da região tratada e da dose utilizada.
A maioria dos pacientes que recebem tratamento no mediastino pode desenvolver esofagite, manifestada clinicamente como odinofagia que, às vezes, exige analgésicos opioides para se manter a ingestão oral. A radioterapia infradiafragmática pode provocar náuseas e/ou diarreia.
A fadiga é comum em todos os pacientes que recebem radioterapia. Possíveis efeitos adversos da radioterapia em longo prazo incluem neoplasias malignas secundárias, doenças cardiovasculares e diminuição da função pulmonar.
Tratamento adaptado à PET para LH em estádio inicial
Uma abordagem de tratamento adaptada à PET é recomendada para todos os pacientes com doença em estádio inicial (favorável ou desfavorável), pois oferece a oportunidade de equilibrar a eficácia e a toxicidade do tratamento.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[51]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[72]Engert A, Plütschow A, Eich HT, et al. Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 12;363(7):640-52.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000067
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818855?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Aldin A, Umlauff L, Estcourt LJ, et al. Interim PET-results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 13;1(1):CD012643.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31930780?tool=bestpractice.com
Essa abordagem geralmente envolve a realização de uma PET-CT interina após dois ciclos iniciais de quimioterapia (por exemplo, ABVD) para avaliar a resposta metabólica ao tratamento e orientar o tratamento subsequente (por exemplo, quimioterapia adicional e/ou radioterapia).
A resposta metabólica é determinada pelos critérios de Deauville, que atribui um escore de 1 a 5 com base na captação da fluordesoxiglucose (FDG) nos sítios envolvidos.[39]Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3048-58.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2013.53.5229
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113771?tool=bestpractice.com
Pacientes com escore de Deauville de 1 a 3 (isto é, PET-CT negativa) são considerados como tendo resposta metabólica completa. Pacientes com escore de Deauville de 4 ou 5 (isto é, PET-CT positiva) são considerados como tendo resposta metabólica parcial (consulte Critérios de diagnóstico).
Tratamento do LH favorável em estádio inicial
Pacientes com doença em estádio inicial favorável geralmente recebem dois ciclos iniciais de ABVD seguidos por uma PET-TC intermediária.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Aqueles pacientes destinados à terapia multimodal combinada com um escore de Deauville de 1 a 3 na PET-CT interina podem receber os seguintes tratamentos subsequentes:
Escore de Deauville 1 ou 2: radioterapia de 20 Gy (doença favorável no reestadiamento), ou um ciclo adicional de ABVD seguido por radioterapia de 30 Gy (doença desfavorável no reestadiamento).[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2835-45.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00964
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31498753?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Escore de Deauville 3: radioterapia de 20 Gy (doença favorável no reestadiamento), ou dois ciclos adicionais de ABVD seguidos por radioterapia de 30 Gy (doença desfavorável no reestadiamento).[58]Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2835-45.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00964
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31498753?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
Aqueles pacientes destinados à quimioterapia isolada com um escore de Deauville de 1 a 3 na PET-CT interina podem receber os seguintes tratamentos subsequentes:
Escore de Deauville 1 a 3: dois ciclos adicionais de ABVD ou quatro ciclos adicionais de AVD.[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
[74]Luminari S, Fossa A, Trotman J, et al. Long-term follow-up of the response-adjusted therapy for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jan 1;42(1):13-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37883739?tool=bestpractice.com
O AVD (quatro ciclos) é o preferencial para pacientes com escore de Deauville 3 tratados com quimioterapia isolada.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[74]Luminari S, Fossa A, Trotman J, et al. Long-term follow-up of the response-adjusted therapy for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jan 1;42(1):13-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37883739?tool=bestpractice.com
Aqueles com escore de Deauville 4 ou 5 na PET-CT interina, indicados para terapia multimodal combinada ou quimioterapia isolada, podem receber os seguintes tratamentos subsequentes:
Escore de Deauville 4: dois ciclos adicionais de ABVD seguidos de uma PET-CT de reestadiamento para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente.[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Se a PET-CT de reestadiamento for negativa (escore de Deauville de 1 a 3), a radioterapia de 30 Gy pode ser administrada aos pacientes que estão recebendo tratamento combinado e deve ser considerada para aqueles destinados à quimioterapia isolada. Se a PET-CT de reestadiamento for positiva (escore de Deauville 4 ou 5), recomenda-se uma biópsia para orientar o tratamento subsequente (por exemplo, terapia de resgate).[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Escore de Deauville 5: recomenda-se uma biópsia para orientar o tratamento subsequente (por exemplo, terapia de resgate).[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Tratamento do LH desfavorável em estádio inicial
Pacientes com doença em estádio inicial desfavorável geralmente recebem dois ciclos iniciais de ABVD seguidos por uma PET-TC intermediária, para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente.
Pacientes com escore de Deauville de 1 a 3, com doença não volumosa ou volumosa, que são candidatos à terapia combinada, podem receber dois ciclos adicionais de ABVD seguidos de radioterapia de 30 Gy.[51]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes com escore de Deauville de 1 a 3, inicialmente destinados a receber quimioterapia isolada, podem receber os seguintes tratamentos subsequentes:
Escore de Deauville de 1 a 3, não volumosa: dois ciclos adicionais de ABVD ou quatro ciclos adicionais de AVD.
Escore de Deauville de 1 a 3, volumosa: quatro ciclos adicionais de AVD.
Aqueles com escore de Deauville 4 ou 5 podem receber os seguintes tratamentos subsequentes:
Escore de Deauville 4 ou 5: dois ciclos adicionais de ABVD, ou dois ciclos de BrECADD (brentuximabe vedotina, etoposídeo, ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, dacarbazina, dexametasona) com suporte de fator de crescimento, seguidos por uma PET-CT de reestadiamento.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[51]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
Se escore de Deauville de reestadiamento for 1 a 4, a radioterapia de 30 Gy pode ser administrada aos pacientes que estão recebendo tratamento combinado e deve ser considerada para aqueles destinados à quimioterapia isolada. Se o escore de Deauville de reestadiamento for 5, recomenda-se uma biópsia para orientar o tratamento subsequente (por exemplo, terapia de resgate).[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
O esquema BrECADD é recomendado para quimioterapia intensiva devido ao seu perfil de segurança e eficácia aprimorados em comparação com o esquema BEACOPP escalonado (bleomicina, etoposídeo, doxorrubicina, ciclofosfamida, vincristina, procarbazina, prednisolona); no entanto, as evidências são limitadas em casos de doença em estádio inicial.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
As diretrizes da National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) sugerem a consideração dos seguintes esquemas de tratamento inicial alternativos (quimioimunoterapia ou quimioterapia intensiva sem ciclos iniciais de ABVD) para certos pacientes com linfoma de Hodgkin em estádio inicial desfavorável, embora haja falta de evidências nesse grupo de pacientes:[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
O nivolumabe (um anticorpo monoclonal anti-proteína de morte programada 1 [PD-1]) associado ao esquema AVD por quatro ciclos, seguido por radioterapia de 30 Gy, pode ser considerado para pacientes com sintomas B e/ou doença volumosa.[76]Bröckelmann PJ, Goergen H, Keller U, et al. Efficacy of nivolumab and AVD in early-stage unfavorable classic Hodgkin lymphoma: the randomized phase 2 German Hodgkin Study Group NIVAHL trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Jun 1;6(6):872-80.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0750
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352505?tool=bestpractice.com
[77]Bröckelmann PJ, Bühnen I, Meissner J, et al. Nivolumab and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final analysis of the randomized German Hodgkin study group phase II NIVAHL trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Feb 20;41(6):1193-9.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.22.02355?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36508302?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento com brentuximabe vedotina (um anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD30 conjugado à monometil auristatina E) associado a AVD com suporte de fator de crescimento durante quatro ciclos, seguido por radioterapia de 30 Gy, pode ser considerado para pacientes com sintomas B e doença volumosa.[78]Fornecker LM, Lazarovici J, Aurer I, et al. Brentuximab vedotin plus AVD for first-line treatment of early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin lymphoma (BREACH): a multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jan 10;41(2):327-35.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.21.01281?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35867960?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento com BrECADD com suporte de fator de crescimento pode ser considerado para pacientes com doença volumosa, com sintomas B ou doença extranodal, com idade entre 18 e 61 anos, utilizando uma abordagem de tratamento adaptada à PET.[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento inicial com dois ciclos é seguido por uma PET-CT interina para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente (ciclos adicionais de BrECADD até um total de seis ciclos).
O suporte com fator de crescimento, como o fator estimulador de colônias de granulócitos (G-CSF), é necessário para pacientes tratados com brentuximabe vedotina associado a AVD ou BrECADD devido ao alto risco de neutropenia febril (>20%).[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
[79]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic growth factors [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_3
[80]Connors JM, Jurczak W, Straus DJ, et al; ECHELON-1 Study Group. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III or IV Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 10;378(4):331-44.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1708984
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224502?tool=bestpractice.com
LH clássico em estádio avançado (estádios III a IV)
As opções iniciais de tratamento da doença em estádio avançado incluem:[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Hoskin PJ, Lowry L, Horwich A, et al. Randomized comparison of the Stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5390-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738111?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Federico M, Luminari S, Iannitto E, et al; HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. ABVD compared with BEACOPP compared with CEC for the initial treatment of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from the HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 10;27(5):805-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124807?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Skoetz N, Will A, Monsef I, et al. Comparison of first-line chemotherapy including escalated BEACOPP versus chemotherapy including ABVD for people with early unfavourable or advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 25;(5):CD007941.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007941.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541603?tool=bestpractice.com
[84]Gordon LI, Hong F, Fisher RI, et al. Randomized phase III trial of ABVD versus Stanford V with or without radiation therapy in locally extensive and advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: an intergroup study coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2496). J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 20;31(6):684-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182987?tool=bestpractice.com
[85]Engert A, Haverkamp H, Kobe C, et al. Reduced-intensity chemotherapy and PET-guided radiotherapy in patients with advanced stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD15 trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012 May 12;379(9828):1791-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480758?tool=bestpractice.com
[86]Forero-Torres A, Holkova B, Goldschmidt J, et al. Phase 2 study of frontline brentuximab vedotin monotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma patients aged 60 years and older. Blood. 2015 Sep 16;126(26):2798-804.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/126/26/2798.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377597?tool=bestpractice.com
[87]Evens AM, Advani RH, Helenowski IB, et al. Multicenter phase II study of sequential brentuximab vedotin and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for older patients with untreated classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4;36(30):3015-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30179569?tool=bestpractice.com
[88]Herrera AF, LeBlanc M, Castellino SM, et al. Nivolumab+AVD in advanced-stage classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2024 Oct 17;391(15):1379-89.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39413375?tool=bestpractice.com
BrECADD ou nivolumabe associado a AVD são os tratamentos iniciais preferenciais para pacientes com doença em estádio avançado.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
[88]Herrera AF, LeBlanc M, Castellino SM, et al. Nivolumab+AVD in advanced-stage classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2024 Oct 17;391(15):1379-89.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39413375?tool=bestpractice.com
O suporte com fator de crescimento, como o G-CSF, é necessário para pacientes tratados com brentuximabe vedotina associado a AVD ou BrECADD devido ao alto risco de neutropenia febril (>20%).[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
[79]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic growth factors [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_3
[80]Connors JM, Jurczak W, Straus DJ, et al; ECHELON-1 Study Group. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III or IV Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 10;378(4):331-44.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1708984
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224502?tool=bestpractice.com
Quimioterapia intensiva para LH avançado
O BrECADD é um esquema de quimioterapia intensiva que oferece menor morbidade relacionada ao tratamento e melhor sobrevida livre de progressão em comparação com o BEACOPP escalonado em pacientes com doença em estádio avançado.[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
O BrECADD não é recomendado para pacientes idosos (≥61 anos).
Uma abordagem de tratamento adaptada à PET é utilizada em pacientes que recebem BrECADD para doença em estádio avançado, a fim de orientar as decisões de tratamento em relação à intensificação ou redução da quimioterapia.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[33]Eyre TA, Cwynarski K, d'Amore F, et al. Lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 1 Aug 2025:S0923-7534(25)00911-1.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(25)00911-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40774601?tool=bestpractice.com
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
[89]Kreuzberger N, Goldkuhle M, von Tresckow B, et al. Positron emission tomography-adapted therapy for first-line treatment in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Mar 26;3(3):CD010533.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40135712?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes geralmente recebem dois ciclos iniciais de BrECADD com suporte de fator de crescimento, seguidos por uma PET-CT interina para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente, da seguinte forma:[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[75]Borchmann P, Ferdinandus J, Schneider G, et al. Assessing the efficacy and tolerability of PET-guided BrECADD versus eBEACOPP in advanced-stage, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HD21): a randomised, multicentre, parallel, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):341-52.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01315-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971175?tool=bestpractice.com
Escore de Deauville 4 ou 5: realizar biópsia para orientar o tratamento subsequente. Pacientes com biópsia negativa podem receber mais quatro ciclos de BrECADD com suporte de fator de crescimento, seguidos de uma PET-CT para reestadiamento. Pacientes com biópsia positiva podem necessitar de terapia de resgate.
Quimioimunoterapia para LH avançado
A combinação de nivolumabe associado a AVD parece ser bem tolerada e pode ser uma opção para pacientes idosos (>60 anos) adequados para quimioterapia com múltiplos agentes no tratamento de doenças em estádio avançado.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Os pacientes geralmente recebem seis ciclos de nivolumabe associado a AVD, seguidos por PET-CT de reestadiamento para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Em um ensaio clínico randomizado de fase 3, foram demonstrados melhor sobrevida livre de progressão (92% vs. 83%; acompanhamento mediano de 2.1 anos) e menores taxas de neuropatia periférica e descontinuação do tratamento com nivolumabe associado a AVD em comparação com brentuximabe vedotina associado a AVD.[88]Herrera AF, LeBlanc M, Castellino SM, et al. Nivolumab+AVD in advanced-stage classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2024 Oct 17;391(15):1379-89.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39413375?tool=bestpractice.com
O suporte com fatores de crescimento era opcional nos ensaios clínicos.
A brentuximabe vedotina associada a AVD oferece uma vantagem de sobrevida em comparação com ABVD em pacientes com doença em estádio avançado.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[90]Straus DJ, Długosz-Danecka M, Alekseev S, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III/IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma: 3-year update of the ECHELON-1 study. Blood. 2020 Mar 5;135(10):735-42.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019003127
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31945149?tool=bestpractice.com
[91]Straus DJ, Długosz-Danecka M, Connors JM, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma (ECHELON-1): 5-year update of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e410-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048680?tool=bestpractice.com
[92]Ansell SM, Radford J, Connors JM, et al. Overall survival with brentuximab vedotin in stage III or IV Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 28;387(4):310-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35830649?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes geralmente recebem seis ciclos de brentuximabe vedotina associado a AVD com suporte de fator de crescimento, seguidos por uma PET-CT de reestadiamento para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente (por exemplo, terapia de resgate). É necessário cautela quando utilizado em pacientes idosos (idade >60 anos) e naqueles com neuropatia basal. Em pacientes idosos, a brentuximabe vedotina sequencial associada a AVD pode ser uma opção preferencial.[87]Evens AM, Advani RH, Helenowski IB, et al. Multicenter phase II study of sequential brentuximab vedotin and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for older patients with untreated classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4;36(30):3015-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30179569?tool=bestpractice.com
Isso envolve a administração de dois ciclos de brentuximabe vedotina seguidos de 6 ciclos de AVD seguidos de quatro ciclos de brentuximabe vedotina.[87]Evens AM, Advani RH, Helenowski IB, et al. Multicenter phase II study of sequential brentuximab vedotin and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for older patients with untreated classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4;36(30):3015-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30179569?tool=bestpractice.com
Quimioterapia padrão para LH avançado
O tratamento com ABVD pode ser uma opção caso outras opções de tratamento não estejam disponíveis ou sejam contraindicadas.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Uma abordagem de tratamento adaptada à PET é utilizada em pacientes que recebem ABVD para doença em estádio avançado, a fim de orientar as decisões de tratamento em relação à intensificação ou redução da quimioterapia.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[66]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
[89]Kreuzberger N, Goldkuhle M, von Tresckow B, et al. Positron emission tomography-adapted therapy for first-line treatment in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Mar 26;3(3):CD010533.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40135712?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes geralmente recebem dois ciclos iniciais de ABVD, seguidos por PET-CT interina para avaliar a resposta metabólica e orientar o tratamento subsequente. Os pacientes podem receber os seguintes tratamentos subsequentes com base no escore de Deauville na PET-CT interina:[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[66]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Escore de Deauville 1 a 3: quatro ciclos adicionais de AVD.
Escore de Deauville de 4 ou 5: três ciclos adicionais de BrECADD com suporte de fator de crescimento, seguidos por uma PET-CT de reestadiamento. Se a PET-CT de reestadiamento for negativa (escore de Deauville de 1 a 3), pode ser administrado um ciclo adicional de BrECADD com suporte de fator de crescimento. Se a PET-CT de reestadiamento for positiva (escore de Deauville 4 ou 5), recomenda-se uma biópsia para orientar o tratamento subsequente (por exemplo, terapia de resgate). A radioterapia de consolidação (ou seja, após a quimioterapia inicial) pode ser considerada para pacientes após a conclusão do tratamento inicial com quimioterapia.
LH clássico refratário ou recidivante
O LH refratário ou recidivante deve ser confirmado com biópsia.
O tratamento do LH refratário ou recidivante deve ser individualizado, levando em consideração fatores como tratamento prévio de primeira linha, idade do paciente, comorbidades, duração da primeira remissão e estádio na recidiva. O objetivo do tratamento, pelo menos inicialmente, é a cura. Recomenda-se o encaminhamento para um centro especializado; ensaios clínicos devem ser considerados, sempre que possível.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
A terapia de resgate, seguida de quimioterapia em alta dose (para condicionamento) e transplante autólogo de células-tronco (TACT), é a abordagem padrão para a maioria dos pacientes que apresentam recidiva após o tratamento de primeira linha.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[93]Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341:1051-1054.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8096958?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, et al; German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group; Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2065-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086759?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Baetz T, Belch A, Couban S, et al. Gemcitabine, dexamethasone and cisplatin is an active and non-toxic chemotherapy regimen in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease: a phase II study by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann Oncol. 2003 Dec;14(12):1762-7.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)64251-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630682?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, et al. A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood. 2001 Feb 1;97(3):616-23.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/97/3/616.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157476?tool=bestpractice.com
[97]Santoro A, Magagnoli M, Spina M, et al. Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: a new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2007 Jan;92(1):35-41.
http://www.haematologica.org/content/92/1/35.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229633?tool=bestpractice.com
[98]Moskowitz AJ, Herrera AF, Beaven AW. Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: keeping pace with novel agents and new options for salvage therapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019 Jan;39:477-86.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/EDBK_238799
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31099645?tool=bestpractice.com
A radioterapia pode ser utilizada junto com quimioterapia em alta dose (como parte do condicionamento) em pacientes aptos. Em determinados pacientes, a radioterapia isolada ou a quimioterapia isolada é apropriada após a terapia de resgate.[99]Josting A, Nogova L, Franklin J, et al. Salvage radiotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1522-1529.
http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/7/1522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632410?tool=bestpractice.com
[100]Constine LS, Yahalom J, Ng AK, et al. The role of radiation therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018 Jan 9;100(5):1100-18.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722655?tool=bestpractice.com
O transplante alogênico de células-tronco pode ser considerado em pacientes selecionados que apresentam recidiva após o TACT, oferecendo uma opção potencialmente curativa.[101]Anderlini P, Champlin RE. Reduced intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: where do we stand? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jun;12(6):599-602.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737932?tool=bestpractice.com
[102]Moskowitz CH. Should all patients with HL who relapse after ASCT be considered for allogeneic SCT? A consult, yes; a transplant, not necessarily. Blood Adv. 2018 Apr 10;2(7):821-4.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2017011130
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636328?tool=bestpractice.com
[103]Veilleux O, Claveau JS, Alaoui H, et al. Real-world outcomes of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma in the era of novel therapies: a Canadian perspective. Transplant Cell Ther. 2022 Mar;28(3):145-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34954149?tool=bestpractice.com
[104]Ahmed S, Ghosh N, Ahn KW, et al. Impact of type of reduced-intensity conditioning regimen on the outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2020 Aug;190(4):573-82.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7575614
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32314807?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Merryman RW, Castagna L, Giordano L, et al. Allogeneic transplantation after PD-1 blockade for classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia. 2021 Sep;35(9):2672-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33658659?tool=bestpractice.com
Terapia de resgate para LH clássico refratário ou recidivante
A função da terapia de resgate é reduzir a carga tumoral e mobilizar células-tronco antes do condicionamento e do TACT.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Esquemas de quimioterapia combinada ou quimioimunoterapia podem ser utilizados para terapia de resgate.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
O esquema de tratamento de resgate ideal ainda não está claro devido à falta de ensaios clínicos randomizados comparativos.
Os seguintes esquemas de quimioimunoterapia, incluindo um inibidor de checkpoint (nivolumabe ou pembrolizumabe), são os preferenciais para pacientes que não foram previamente expostos a esses agentes:[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[106]Advani RH, Moskowitz AJ, Bartlett NL, et al. Brentuximab vedotin in combination with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: 3-year study results. Blood. 2021 Aug 12;138(6):427-38.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020009178
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33827139?tool=bestpractice.com
[107]Mei MG, Lee HJ, Palmer JM, et al. Response-adapted anti-PD-1-based salvage therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma with nivolumab alone or in combination with ICE. Blood. 2022 Jun 23;139(25):3605-3616.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35316328?tool=bestpractice.com
[108]Moskowitz AJ, Shah G, Schöder H, et al. Phase II trial of pembrolizumab plus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and liposomal doxorubicin as second-line therapy for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 1;39(28):3109-17.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01056
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34170745?tool=bestpractice.com
[109]Bryan LJ, Casulo C, Allen PB, et al. Pembrolizumab added to ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma: a multi-institutional phase 2 investigator-initiated nonrandomized clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2023 May 1;9(5):683-91.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10020934
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36928527?tool=bestpractice.com
Nivolumabe associado a ICE (ifosfamida, carboplatina, etoposídeo)
Nivolumabe associado a brentuximabe vedotina
Pembrolizumabe associado a GVD (gencitabina, vinorelbina, doxorrubicina lipossomal peguilada)
Pembrolizumabe associado a ICE
Os seguintes esquemas (sem inibidor de checkpoint) são comumente usados para terapia de resgate:[96]Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, et al. A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood. 2001 Feb 1;97(3):616-23.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/97/3/616.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157476?tool=bestpractice.com
[97]Santoro A, Magagnoli M, Spina M, et al. Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: a new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2007 Jan;92(1):35-41.
http://www.haematologica.org/content/92/1/35.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229633?tool=bestpractice.com
[110]Castagna L, Santoro A, Carlo-Stella C. Salvage therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of current regimens and outcomes. J Blood Med. 2020;11:389-403.
https://www.doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S250581
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149713?tool=bestpractice.com
[111]Santoro A, Mazza R, Pulsoni A, et al. Bendamustine in combination with gemcitabine and vinorelbine is an effective regimen as induction chemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 20;34(27):3293-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.66.4466
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27382096?tool=bestpractice.com
[112]Santoro A, Mazza R, Pulsoni A, et al. Five-year results of the BEGEV salvage regimen in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2020 Jan 14;4(1):136-40.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000984
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31935284?tool=bestpractice.com
[113]Josting A, Rudolph C, Reiser M, et al. Time-intensified dexamethasone/cisplatin/cytarabine: an effective salvage therapy with low toxicity in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 2002 Oct;13(10):1628-35.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdf221
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377653?tool=bestpractice.com
[114]Bartlett NL, Niedzwiecki D, Johnson JL, et al. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (GVD), a salvage regimen in relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma: CALGB 59804. Ann Oncol. 2007 Jun;18(6):1071-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm090
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426059?tool=bestpractice.com
[115]O'Connor OA, Lue JK, Sawas A, et al. Brentuximab vedotin plus bendamustine in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: an international, multicentre, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Feb;19(2):257-66.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29276022?tool=bestpractice.com
[116]Lynch RC, Cassaday RD, Smith SD, et al. Dose-dense brentuximab vedotin plus ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide for second-line treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a single centre, phase 1/2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e562-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34329577?tool=bestpractice.com
BeGEV (bendamustina, gencitabina, vinorelbina)
brentuximabe vedotina
Brentuximabe vedotina associada a bendamustina
Brentuximabe vedotina associada a ICE
DHAP (dexametasona, citarabina, cisplatina)
GVD
ICE
IGEV (ifosfamida, gencitabina, vinorelbina)
Tratamento adaptado à PET para LH refratário ou recidivante
Uma abordagem de tratamento adaptada à PET é utilizada para o LH refratário ou recidivante, a fim de otimizar os desfechos após o transplante de células-tronco. Uma PET-CT negativa pré-transplante (escore de Deauville 1 a 3) está associada a desfechos ideais após o transplante e deve, portanto, ser o objetivo da terapia de resgate antes do TACT.[117]Moskowitz CH, Matasar MJ, Zelenetz AD, et al. Normalization of pre-ASCT, FDG-PET imaging with second-line, non-cross-resistant, chemotherapy programs improves event-free survival in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2012 Feb 16;119(7):1665-70.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/7/1665.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184409?tool=bestpractice.com
[118]Adams HJ, Kwee TC. Prognostic value of pretransplant FDG-PET in refractory/relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma treated with autologous stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hematol. 2016 Apr;95(5):695-706.
https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00277-016-2619-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931115?tool=bestpractice.com
Pacientes com PET-CT positiva (escore de Deauville 4 ou 5) após a terapia de resgate podem ser considerados para um esquema de resgate diferente para obter uma PET-CT negativa.[119]Fehniger TA, Larson S, Trinkaus K, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2011 Nov 10;118(19):5119-25.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/19/5119.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21937701?tool=bestpractice.com
[120]Johnston PB, Pinter-Brown LC, Warsi G, et al. Phase 2 study of everolimus for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2018;7:12.
https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s40164-018-0103-z
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29774169?tool=bestpractice.com
[121]Moskowitz AJ, Hamlin PA Jr, Perales MA, et al. Phase II study of bendamustine in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 1;31(4):456-60.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.3308
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23248254?tool=bestpractice.com
Terapia de manutenção após TACT
O brentuximabe vedotina é recomendado como tratamento de consolidação/manutenção após o TACT em pacientes com alto risco de recidiva (por exemplo, refratários ao tratamento inicial; com recidiva dentro de 12 meses após o tratamento inicial; com sintomas B; PET-CT positiva no momento do transplante; e/ou com doença extranodal) que não tenham recebido terapia prévia com brentuximabe vedotina.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[122]Moskowitz CH, Nademanee A, Masszi T, et al. Brentuximab vedotin as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma at risk of relapse or progression (AETHERA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1853-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25796459?tool=bestpractice.com
[123]Kanate AS, Kumar A, Dreger P, et al. Maintenance therapies for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas after autologous transplantation: a consensus project of ASBMT, CIBMTR, and the lymphoma working party of EBMT. JAMA Oncol. 2019 May 1;5(5):715-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30816957?tool=bestpractice.com
[124]Moskowitz CH, Walewski J, Nademanee A, et al. Five-year PFS from the AETHERA trial of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of progression or relapse. Blood. 2018 Dec 20;132(25):2639-42.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-07-861641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266774?tool=bestpractice.com
A manutenção da brentuximabe vedotina é recomendada por 16 ciclos ou até atingir uma toxicidade inaceitável ou a ocorrência de recidiva (o que ocorrer primeiro).[123]Kanate AS, Kumar A, Dreger P, et al. Maintenance therapies for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas after autologous transplantation: a consensus project of ASBMT, CIBMTR, and the lymphoma working party of EBMT. JAMA Oncol. 2019 May 1;5(5):715-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30816957?tool=bestpractice.com
LH com predominância linfocítica nodular (LHPLN) em estádio inicial (estádios I a II)
O LHPLN é um subtipo raro de LH. A maioria dos pacientes com LHPLN apresenta-se com doença em estádio inicial que afeta regiões nodais periféricas (por exemplo, virilha, axila ou pescoço). O objetivo do tratamento é a cura e, ao mesmo tempo, minimizar o risco de efeitos tardios. O prognóstico geral para os pacientes com LHPLN em estádio inicial é excelente.
LHPLN não volumoso assintomático inicial (estádio IA e IIA)
A radioterapia isolada a uma dose de 30 Gy a 36 Gy é recomendada para a maioria dos pacientes com doença não volumosa nos estádios IA e IIA.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[68]Specht L, Yahalom J, Illidge T, et al. Modern radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: field and dose guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group (ILROG). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Jul 15;89(4):854-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790512?tool=bestpractice.com
[125]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
A radioterapia do sítio envolvido é a abordagem preferida (embora a maioria dos dados disponíveis se refira à radioterapia do campo envolvido).[68]Specht L, Yahalom J, Illidge T, et al. Modern radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: field and dose guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group (ILROG). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Jul 15;89(4):854-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790512?tool=bestpractice.com
Estudos retrospectivos têm relatado excelentes desfechos de remissão e sobrevida com radioterapia isolada para LHPLN em estádio inicial.[126]Nogova L, Reineke T, Eich HT, et al. Extended field radiotherapy, combined modality treatment or involved field radiotherapy for patients with stage IA lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Ann Oncol. 2005 Oct;16(10):1683-7.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)45436-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093276?tool=bestpractice.com
[127]Eichenauer DA, Plütschow A, Fuchs M, et al. Long-term course of patients with stage IA nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the German Hodgkin study group. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 10;33(26):2857-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4363
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240235?tool=bestpractice.com
[128]Pinnix CC, Milgrom SA, Cheah CY, et al. Favorable outcomes with de-escalated radiation therapy for limited-stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2019 May 14;3(9):1356-67.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018029140
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31036721?tool=bestpractice.com
[129]Binkley MS, Rauf MS, Milgrom SA, et al. Stage I-II nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a multi-institutional study of adult patients by ILROG. Blood. 2020 Jun 25;135(26):2365-74.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019003877
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211877?tool=bestpractice.com
Faltam ensaios clínicos randomizados de tratamentos para LHPLN por causa da raridade deste subtipo de doença.
A observação pode ser apropriada para pacientes com doença não volumosa assintomática em estádio inicial, principalmente se houver preocupação com relação à toxicidade relacionada à radioterapia.[130]Borchmann S, Joffe E, Moskowitz CH, et al. Active surveillance for nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2019 May 16;133(20):2121-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-10-877761
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30770396?tool=bestpractice.com
A observação é também uma opção para determinados pacientes com doença não volumosa em estádio IA que tenham um linfonodo solitário completamente excisado.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
LHPLN volumoso assintomático inicial (estádio IA e IIA) e LHPLN sintomático inicial (estádio IB e IIB)
O tratamento sistêmico com rituximabe associado a quimioterapia combinada (por exemplo, R-ABVD [rituximabe, doxorrubicina, bleomicina, vimblastina, dacarbazina], R-CHOP [rituximabe, ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, vincristina, prednisolona], ou R-CVbP [rituximabe, ciclofosfamida, vimblastina, prednisolona]) seguido de radioterapia (30 a 36 Gy) é recomendado para pacientes com doença volumosa em estádio IA ou IIA e para aqueles com doença em estádio IB ou IIB.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[125]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
[131]Savage KJ, Skinnider B, Al-Mansour M, et al. Treating limited-stage nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma similarly to classical Hodgkin lymphoma with ABVD may improve outcome. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4585-90.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-07-365932
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873543?tool=bestpractice.com
O antígeno CD20 está presente na maioria das células LHPLN; portanto, o tratamento anti-CD20 com rituximabe é um componente importante do tratamento sistêmico do LHPLN.
A observação pode ser apropriada para pacientes com doença volumosa assintomática em estádio inicial, principalmente se houver preocupação com relação à toxicidade relacionada ao tratamento sistêmico e à radioterapia.[130]Borchmann S, Joffe E, Moskowitz CH, et al. Active surveillance for nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2019 May 16;133(20):2121-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-10-877761
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30770396?tool=bestpractice.com
LHPLN avançado (estádio III a estádio IV)
A observação pode ser apropriada para pacientes com doença assintomática em estádio avançado.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[125]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
O tratamento sistêmico com rituximabe associado a quimioterapia combinada (por exemplo, R-ABVD, R-CHOP ou R-CVbP), com ou sem radioterapia, é recomendado para pacientes com doença sintomática em estádio avançado ou progressão rápida.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[132]Eichenauer DA, Engert A. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a unique disease deserving unique management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2017 Dec 8;2017(1):324-8.
http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2017/1/324.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222274?tool=bestpractice.com
[133]Fanale MA, Cheah CY, Rich A, et al. Encouraging activity for R-CHOP in advanced stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2017 May 18;130(4):472-7.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/130/4/472.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28522441?tool=bestpractice.com
O rituximabe isoladamente ou a radioterapia local podem ser opções para o tratamento paliativo em pacientes selecionados.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
LHPLN refratário ou recidivante
O LHPLN refratário ou recidivante deve ser confirmado por biópsia para descartar a transformação em linfoma não Hodgkin agressivo.
O tratamento do LHPLN refratário ou recidivante deve ser individualizado, levando em consideração fatores como tratamento prévio de primeira linha (por exemplo, R-ABVD com radioterapia), idade do paciente, comorbidades, duração da primeira remissão e estádio na recidiva.[125]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
A terapia de resgate com um esquema quimioterápico à base de rituximabe ou rituximabe isolado é a abordagem preferida para a maioria dos pacientes com LHPLN refratário ou recidivante. A observação pode ser considerada para pacientes assintomáticos como abordagem inicial.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
O TACT pode ser considerado para pacientes com doença agressiva.
Não se sabe ao certo qual é o esquema ideal de quimioterapia de resgate, mas os seguintes esquemas à base de rituximabe podem ser considerados se não tiverem sido utilizados anteriormente:[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
R-ABVD
R-CHOP
R-CVbP
R-DHAP (rituximabe, dexametasona, citarabina, cisplatina)
R-ICE (rituximabe, ifosfamida, carboplatina, etoposídeo)
R-IGEV (rituximabe, ifosfamida, gencitabina, vinorelbina)
Rituximabe associado a bendamustina.
O rituximabe isolado pode ser considerado para pacientes que recidivam com doença em estágio limitado e baixo volume tumoral.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[134]Schulz H, Rehwald U, Morschhauser F, et al. Rituximab in relapsed lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: long-term results of a phase 2 trial by the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG). Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):109-11.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-03-078725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938252?tool=bestpractice.com
A radioterapia pode ser considerada em combinação com a terapia sistêmica para pacientes sintomáticos ou com doença com alta carga tumoral.[32]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx