Exacerbação aguda da asma em adultos

Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (BTS, NICE, SIGN). Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

1. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

2. Braman SS. The global burden of asthma. Chest. 2006;130(suppl 1):4S-12S. Resumo

3. British Lung Foundation. Asthma statistics [internet publication].Texto completo

4. Dulek DE, Peebles RS Jr. Viruses and asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Nov;1810(11):1080-90. Resumo

5. Qibin L, Yacan L, Minli J, et al. The impact of PM2.5 on lung function in adults with asthma. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020 Jun 1;24(6):570-6. Resumo

6. British Occupational Health Research Foundation. Occupational asthma [internet publication].Texto completo

7. Singh AM, Busse WW. Asthma exacerbations. 2: Aetiology. Thorax. 2006 Sep;61(9):809-16.Texto completo  Resumo

8. Wark PA, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 3: Pathogenesis. Thorax. 2006 Oct;61(10):909-15.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Carroll NG, Mutavdzic S, James AL. Increased mast cells and neutrophils in submucosal mucous glands and mucus plugging in patients with asthma. Thorax. 2002;57:677-682. Resumo

10. Wood LG, Garg ML, Blake RJ, et al. Airway and circulating levels of carotenoids in asthma and healthy controls. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:448-455. Resumo

11. Nicholson KG, Kent J, Ireland DC. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. BMJ. 1993 Oct 16;307(6910):982-6. Resumo

12. Haselkorn T, Fish JE, Zeiger RS, et al. Consistently very poorly controlled asthma, as defined by the impairment domain of the Expert Panel Report 3 guidelines, increases risk for future severe asthma exacerbations in The Epidemiology and Natural History of Asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Nov;124(5):895-902.e1-4.Texto completo  Resumo

13. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

14. Patel M, Pilcher J, Reddel HK, et al. Metrics of salbutamol use as predictors of future adverse outcomes in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Oct;43(10):1144-51. Resumo

15. Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar;149(3 pt 1):604-10. Resumo

16. Melani AS, Bonavia M, Cilenti V, et al. Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. Respir Med. 2011 Jun;105(6):930-8. Resumo

17. Osborne ML, Pedula KL, O'Hollaren M, et al. Assessing future need for acute care in adult asthmatics: the Profile of Asthma Risk Study: a prospective health maintenance organization-based study. Chest. 2007 Oct;132(4):1151-61. Resumo

18. Denlinger LC, Phillips BR, Ramratnam S, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program-3 Investigators. Inflammatory and comorbid features of patients with severe asthma and frequent exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb 1;195(3):302-13.Texto completo  Resumo

19. Thomson NC, Chaudhuri R, Livingston E. Asthma and cigarette smoking. Eur Respir J. 2004 Nov;24(5):822-33. Resumo

20. Wills TA, Soneji SS, Choi K, et al. E-cigarette use and respiratory disorders: an integrative review of converging evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies. Eur Respir J. 2021 Jan;57(1):1901815.Texto completo  Resumo

21. Cho JH, Paik SY. Association between electronic cigarette use and asthma among high school students in South Korea. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151022.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Bernstein JA, Alexis N, Barnes C, et al. Health effects of air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Nov;114(5):1116-23. Resumo

23. Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College Of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest. 2008;134(3 suppl):1S-41S. Resumo

24. Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, et al. Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 20;12(3):e0174050.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Zheng XY, Ding H, Jiang LN, et al. Association between air pollutants and asthma emergency room visits and hospital admissions in time series studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138146.Texto completo  Resumo

26. Mazenq J, Dubus JC, Gaudart J, et al. City housing atmospheric pollutant impact on emergency visit for asthma: A classification and regression tree approach. Respir Med. 2017 Nov;132:1-8.Texto completo  Resumo

27. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. 2009 [internet publication].Texto completo

28. Park HJ, Lee HY, Suh CH, et al. The effect of particulate matter reduction by indoor air filter use on respiratory symptoms and lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2021 Sep;13(5):719-32.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Apr;141(4):1169-79.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, et al; The Group Health Medical Associates. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jan 19;332(3):133-8.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Miller MK, Lee JH, Miller DP, et al. Recent asthma exacerbations: a key predictor of future exacerbations. Respir Med. 2007 Mar;101(3):481-9.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Murphy VE, Clifton VL, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations during pregnancy: incidence and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Thorax. 2006 Feb;61(2):169-76.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Sturdy PM, Victor CR, Anderson HR, et al. Psychological, social and health behaviour risk factors for deaths certified as asthma: a national case-control study. Thorax. 2002 Dec;57(12):1034-9.Texto completo  Resumo

34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (BTS, NICE, SIGN). Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

35. Biscardi S, Lorrot M, Marc E, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 15;38(10):1341-6. Resumo

36. Cunningham AF, Johnston SL, Julious SA, et al. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. Eur Respir J. 1998 Feb;11(2):345-9. Resumo

37. Miyashita N, Kubota Y, Nakajima M, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and exacerbations of asthma in adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998 May;80(5):405-9. Resumo

38. Emre U, Sokolovskaya N, Roblin PM, et al. Detection of anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae IgE in children with reactive airway disease. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;172(1):265-7. Resumo

39. Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.Texto completo  Resumo

40. FitzGerald J M, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 4: Prevention. Thorax. 2006 Nov;61(11):992-9. Resumo

41. Ring N, Malcolm C, Wyke S, et al. Promoting the use of Personal Asthma Action Plans: a systematic review. Prim Care Respir J. 2007 Oct;16(5):271-83.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Moreira A, Bonini M, Garcia-Larsen V, et al. Weight loss interventions in asthma: EAACI evidence-based clinical practice guideline (part I). Allergy. 2013 Apr;68(4):425-39. Resumo

43. Cassim R, Russell MA, Lodge CJ, et al. The role of circulating 25 hydroxyvitamin D in asthma: a systematic review. Allergy. 2015 Apr;70(4):339-54.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2017 Nov;5(11):881-890. Resumo

45. Martineau AR, Cates CJ, Urashima M, et al. Vitamin D for the management of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 5;9(9):CD011511.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Ford ES, Mannino DM, Williams SG. Asthma and influenza vaccination: findings from the 1999-2001 National Health Interview Surveys. Chest. 2003 Sep;124(3):783-9. Resumo

47. Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jul 1;180(1):59-99.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Asthma and Lung UK. Asthma care in a crisis: annual asthma survey 2020. 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

49. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

50. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (BTS, NICE, SIGN). NICE guideline NG245. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

51. Bourdin A, Bjermer L, Brightling C, et al. ERS/EAACI statement on severe exacerbations in asthma in adults: facts, priorities and key research questions. Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep 28;54(3):1900900.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Abdullah K, Zhu J, Gershon A, et al. Effect of asthma exacerbation during pregnancy in women with asthma: a population-based cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2020 Feb 12;55(2):1901335. Resumo

53. Pollart SM, Compton RM, Elward KS. Management of acute asthma exacerbations. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Jul 1;84(1):40-7.Texto completo  Resumo

54. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (BTS, NICE, SIGN). Nov 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

55. Vandenplas O, Suojalehto H, Cullinan P. Diagnosing occupational asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017 Jan;47(1):6-18.Texto completo  Resumo

56. McCullough PA, Nowak RM, McCord J, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study. Circulation. 2002 Jul 23;106(4):416-22. Resumo

57. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients' probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the model's utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Mar;83(3):416-20. Resumo

58. Greenberger PA. Clinical aspects of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Front Biosci. 2003 Jan 1;8:s119-27. Resumo

59. Resuscitation Council UK. Adult advanced life support guidelines. May 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

60. Cates CJ, Welsh EJ, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 13;(9):CD000052.Texto completo  Resumo

61. Royal College of Physicians. National Asthma and COPD Audit Programme (NACAP): adult asthma and COPD organisational audit 2019. 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

62. Currie GP, Devereux GS, Lee DK, et al. Recent developments in asthma management. BMJ. 2005 Mar 12;330(7491):585-9. Resumo

63. Rodrigo GJ. Rapid effects of inhaled corticosteroids in acute asthma: an evidence-based evaluation. Chest. 2006 Nov;130(5):1301-11. Resumo

64. Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Safety of long-acting beta agonists for the treatment of asthma: clearing the air. Thorax. 2012 Apr;67(4):342-9. Resumo

65. Papi A, Mansur AH, Pertseva T, et al. Long-term fluticasone propionate/formoterol fumarate combination therapy is associated with a low incidence of severe asthma exacerbations. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2016 Aug;29(4):346-61.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Watts K, Chavasse RJ. Leukotriene receptor antagonists in addition to usual care for acute asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(5):CD006100. Resumo

67. Camargo CA Jr, Smithline HA, Malice MP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Feb 15;167(4):528-33.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Chan WW, Chiou E, Obstein KL, et al. The efficacy of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of asthma in adults: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Apr 11;171(7):620-9.Texto completo  Resumo

69. Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics - underlying cause, sex and age. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

70. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. July 2007 [internet publication].Texto completo

71. O'Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Low dose inhaled budesonide and formoterol in mild persistent asthma: the OPTIMA randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Oct 15;164(8 Pt 1):1392-7. Resumo

72. Suissa S, Ernst, P, Benayoun S, et al. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 3;343(5):332-6. Resumo

73. Findley LJ, Sahn SA. The value of chest roentgenograms in acute asthma in adults. Chest. 1981 Nov;80(5):535-6. Resumo

74. McKeever T, Mortimer K, Wilson A, et al. Quadrupling inhaled glucocorticoid dose to abort asthma exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 8;378(10):902-10.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Villa-Roel C, Nikel T, Ospina M, et al. Effectiveness of educational interventions to increase primary care follow-up for adults seen in the emergency department for acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Jan;23(1):5-13. Resumo

76. Tapp S, Lasserson TJ, Rowe B. Education interventions for adults who attend the emergency room for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD003000.Texto completo  Resumo

77. Loymans RJ, Honkoop PJ, Termeer EH, et al. Identifying patients at risk for severe exacerbations of asthma: development and external validation of a multivariable prediction model. Thorax. 2016 Sep;71(9):838-46. Resumo

78. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Texto completo

79. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

80. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Resumo

82. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Management of hyperglycaemia and steroid (glucocorticosteroid) therapy. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

84. Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Brown ES, et al. Adverse consequences of glucocorticoid medication: psychological, cognitive, and behavioral effects. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;171(10):1045-51Texto completo  Resumo

85. Kenna HA, Poon AW, de los Angeles CP, et al. Psychiatric complications of treatment with corticosteroids: review with case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Oct;65(6):549-60Texto completo  Resumo

86. Fardet L, Nazareth I, Whitaker HJ, et al. Severe neuropsychiatric outcomes following discontinuation of long-term glucocorticoid therapy: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;74(4):e281-6 Resumo

87. Warrington TP, Bostwick JM. Psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Oct;81(10):1361-7Texto completo  Resumo

88. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Texto completo

89. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Texto completo  Resumo

90. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

91. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 Resumo

92. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

93. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Texto completo  Resumo

94. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Texto completo  Resumo

95. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Texto completo

96. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Texto completo

97. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Texto completo

98. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Texto completo

99. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

100. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

101. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Resumo

102. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

103. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

104. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

105. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

106. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

107. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Texto completo  Resumo

108. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Texto completo

109. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Resumo

110. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Texto completo  Resumo

111. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Resumo

112. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Texto completo  Resumo

113. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Resumo

114. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Texto completo  Resumo

115. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Texto completo  Resumo

116. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Resumo

117. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Texto completo  Resumo

118. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

119. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Texto completo  Resumo

120. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

121. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Texto completo  Resumo

122. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Resumo

123. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

124. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Texto completo  Resumo

125. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Texto completo  Resumo

126. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Texto completo  Resumo

127. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Texto completo  Resumo

128. UK Health Security Agency. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. Jul 2025 [internet publication]Texto completo

129. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Texto completo  Resumo

130. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

131. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

132. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

133. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Texto completo  Resumo

134. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Texto completo  Resumo

135. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Texto completo  Resumo

136. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Texto completo

137. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Texto completo

138. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

139. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Texto completo

140. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Texto completo

141. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Texto completo  Resumo

142. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Resumo

143. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Resumo

144. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Texto completo

145. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.

146. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

147. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Texto completo  Resumo

148. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Resumo

149. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Resumo

150. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Texto completo  Resumo

151. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Texto completo  Resumo

152. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Texto completo

153. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Resumo

154. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Texto completo  Resumo

155. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Texto completo

156. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Texto completo

157. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Resumo

158. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Resumo

159. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Texto completo

160. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Texto completo  Resumo

161. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Texto completo  Resumo

162. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Texto completo  Resumo

163. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

164. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Texto completo  Resumo

165. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Texto completo  Resumo

166. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Texto completo  Resumo

167. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Texto completo  Resumo

168. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Texto completo  Resumo

169. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Texto completo

170. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Texto completo  Resumo

171. Livingstone-Banks J, Vidyasagaran AL, Croucher R, et al. Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Apr 15;4(4):CD015314.Texto completo  Resumo

172. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Resumo

173. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo

174. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Texto completo

175. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Texto completo