Referências

Principais artigos

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

Royal College of Physicians; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. National clinical guidelines for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. April 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

Artigos de referência

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9. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

10. Gibbs RG, Newson R, Lawrenson R, et al. Diagnosis and initial management of stroke and transient ischemic attack across UK health regions from 1992 to 1996: experience from primary care database. Stroke. 2001 May;32(5):1085-90. Resumo

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25. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236.Texto completo  Resumo

26. Bots ML, Van der Wilk EC, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Transient neurological attacks in the general population: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical relevance. Stroke. 1997 Apr;28(4):768-73.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ. 1989 Mar 25;298(6676):789-94.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e364-467.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):579-88. Resumo

30. Biddinger KJ, Emdin CA, Haas ME, et al. Association of habitual alcohol intake with risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e223849.Texto completo  Resumo

31. Smyth A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for acute stroke: the INTERSTROKE study. Neurology. 2023 Jan 10;100(2):e142-53.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Rosoff DB, Davey Smith G, Mehta N, et al. Evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease: a multivariable Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2020 Dec;17(12):e1003410.Texto completo  Resumo

33. Kizer JR, Devereux RB. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 1;353(22):2361-72. Resumo

34. Meissner I, Whisnant JP, Khandheria BK, et al. Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography: the SPARC study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 Sep;74(9):862-9. Resumo

35. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc. 1984 Jan;59(1):17-20. Resumo

36. Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Sagris D, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2018 Feb;49(2):412-8.Texto completo  Resumo

37. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2003 Oct;34(10):2475-81.Texto completo  Resumo

38. McDonnell MN, Hillier SL, Hooker SP, et al. Physical activity frequency and risk of incident stroke in a national US study of blacks and whites. Stroke. 2013 Sep;44(9):2519-24.Texto completo  Resumo

39. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects); Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, et al. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1·8 million participants. Lancet. 2014 Mar 15;383(9921):970-83.Texto completo  Resumo

40. Flemming KD, Brown RD, Petty GW, et al. Evaluation and management of transient ischemic attack and minor cerebral infarction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Aug;79(8):1071-86. Resumo

41. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

42. Royal College of Physicians; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. National clinical guidelines for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. April 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

43. Fonseca AC, Merwick Á, Dennis M, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on management of transient ischaemic attack. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):CLXIII-XXVI.Texto completo  Resumo

44. Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, et al. One-year risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 21;374(16):1533-42.Texto completo  Resumo

45. Nadarajan V, Perry RJ, Johnson J, et al. Transient ischaemic attacks: mimics and chameleons. Pract Neurol. 2014 Feb;14(1):23-31.Texto completo  Resumo

46. Merwick Á, Werring D. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. BMJ. 2014 May 19;348:g3175.Texto completo  Resumo

47. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. National clinical guideline for diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). 2008 [internet publication].Texto completo

48. Kobayashi A, Czlonkowska A, Ford GA, et al. European Academy of Neurology and European Stroke Organization consensus statement and practical guidance for pre-hospital management of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2018 Mar;25(3):425-33.Texto completo  Resumo

49. Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003 Jan;34(1):71-6.Texto completo  Resumo

50. Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, et al. The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov;4(11):727-34. Resumo

51. Khare S. Risk factors of transient ischemic attack: an overview. J Midlife Health. 2016 Jan-Mar;7(1):2-7.Texto completo  Resumo

52. Larsson SC, Wallin A, Wolk A, et al. Differing association of alcohol consumption with different stroke types: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2016 Nov 24;14(1):178.Texto completo  Resumo

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for transient ischaemic attack (TIA) prediction rules. NICE guideline NG128 prognostic evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

54. Merwick A, Albers GW, Amarenco P, et al. Addition of brain and carotid imaging to the ABCD² score to identify patients at early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Nov;9(11):1060-9. Resumo

55. Kelly PJ, Albers GW, Chatzikonstantinou A, et al. Validation and comparison of imaging-based scores for prediction of early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Nov;15(12):1238-47. Resumo

56. Ildstad F, Ellekjær H, Wethal T, et al. ABCD3-I and ABCD2 scores in a TIA population with low stroke risk. Stroke Res Treat. 2021 Feb 25;2021:8845898.Texto completo  Resumo

57. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. CYP2C19 genotype testing to guide clopidogrel use after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Jul 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

58. Cohen A, Donal E, Delgado V, et al. EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 May 10;22(6):e24-57.Texto completo  Resumo

59. Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745. Resumo

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61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for aspirin. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Texto completo

62. Rothwell PM, Algra A, Chen Z, et al. Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2016 Jul 23;388(10042):365-75.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Dawson J, Merwick Á, Webb A, et al. European Stroke Organisation expedited recommendation for the use of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy early after minor stroke and high-risk TIA. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):CLXXXVII-CXCI.Texto completo  Resumo

64. Aboyans V, Bauersachs R, Mazzolai L, et al. Antithrombotic therapies in aortic and peripheral arterial diseases in 2021: a consensus document from the ESC working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases, the ESC working group on thrombosis, and the ESC working group on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Oct 14;42(39):4013-24.Texto completo  Resumo

65. Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4;369(1):11-9.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):215-25.Texto completo  Resumo

67. Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Denison H, et al. Ticagrelor and aspirin or aspirin alone in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):207-17.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, et al. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Nov;6(11):961-9. Resumo

69. Wang Y, Pan Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (CHANCE) trial: one-year outcomes. Circulation. 2015 Jul 7;132(1):40-6.Texto completo  Resumo

70. Grotta JC. Antiplatelet therapy after ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):291-2. Resumo

71. Pan Y, Elm JJ, Li H, et al. Outcomes associated with clopidogrel-aspirin use in minor stroke or transient ischemic attack: a pooled analysis of clopidogrel in high-risk patients with acute non-disabling cerebrovascular events (CHANCE) and platelet-oriented inhibition in new TIA and minor ischemic stroke (POINT) trials. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Dec 1;76(12):1466-73.Texto completo  Resumo

72. Hao Q, Tampi M, O'Donnell M, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for acute minor ischaemic stroke or high risk transient ischaemic attack: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Dec 18;363:k5108.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Resumo

74. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.Texto completo  Resumo

75. Liu J, Wang LN. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists for preventing recurrent stroke and other vascular events in people with stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 10;1(1):CD010693.Texto completo  Resumo

76. Liu J, Wang LN. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists for preventing recurrent stroke and other vascular events in people with stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 2;12(12):CD010693.Texto completo  Resumo

77. Shahjouei S, Sadighi A, Chaudhary D, et al. A 5-decade analysis of incidence trends of ischemic stroke after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Jan 1;78(1):77-87.Texto completo  Resumo

78. Lioutas VA, Ivan CS, Himali JJ, et al. Incidence of transient ischemic attack and association with long-term risk of stroke. JAMA. 2021 Jan 26;325(4):373-81.Texto completo  Resumo

79. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS, et al. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA. 2000 Dec 13;284(22):2901-6. Resumo

80. Daffertshofer M, Mielke O, Pullwitt A, et al. Transient ischemic attacks are more than "ministrokes." Stroke. 2004 Nov;35(11):2453-8.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Najib N, Magin P, Lasserson D, et al. Contemporary prognosis of transient ischemic attack patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2019 Jul;14(5):460-7. Resumo

82. Luengo-Fernandez R, Paul NL, Gray AM, et al. Population-based study of disability and institutionalization after transient ischemic attack and stroke: 10-year results of the Oxford Vascular Study. Stroke. 2013 Oct;44(10):2854-61.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Writing Committee for the PERSIST Collaborators, Khan F, Yogendrakumar V, et al. Long-term risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2025 May 6;333(17):1508-19. Resumo

84. Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Hayes S, et al. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 20;3(3):CD003316.Texto completo  Resumo

85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

86. Dawson J, Béjot Y, Christensen LM, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on pharmacological interventions for long-term secondary prevention after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Eur Stroke J. 2022 Sep;7(3):I-II.Texto completo  Resumo

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