Colelitíase assintomática
Os pacientes que têm colelitíase sem sintomas geralmente não precisam de tratamento; na maioria das pessoas, o risco de complicações cirúrgicas supera o risco de não tratar os cálculos biliares.[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF, et al. The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg. 1985 Jul;202(1):59-63.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4015212?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942871?tool=bestpractice.com
É recomendável realizar o acompanhamento anual dos pacientes assintomáticos.[31]Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942871?tool=bestpractice.com
A colecistectomia profilática pode ser considerada nos indivíduos assintomáticos se houver alto risco de carcinoma da vesícula biliar (por exemplo, cálculos biliares >3 cm, múltiplos cálculos biliares ou um cálculo biliar "de porcelana" parcialmente calcificado), ou se o risco de formação de cálculos biliares e suas complicações for alto (por exemplo, em indivíduos com doença falciforme).[2]Stinton LM, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012 Apr;6(2):172-87.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3343155
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570746?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Williams CI, Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: current therapeutic practice. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;11(2):71-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321433?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942871?tool=bestpractice.com
A colecistectomia profilática não é rotineiramente recomendada para pacientes obesos submetidos a uma cirurgia para perda de peso. Ao invés disso, a colecistectomia deve ser reservada para os pacientes obesos que se tornam sintomáticos após a cirurgia.[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[97]Leyva-Alvizo A, Arredondo-Saldaña G, Leal-Isla-Flores V, et al. Systematic review of management of gallbladder disease in patients undergoing minimally invasive bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020 Jan;16(1):158-64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31839526?tool=bestpractice.com
Colelitíase sintomática
Forneça aos pacientes analgesia adequada para cólica biliar.[98]Manterola C, Vial M, Moraga J, et al. Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD005660.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005660.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249672?tool=bestpractice.com
Consulte as diretrizes locais para a escolha do analgésico e da dose adequados. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) podem beneficiar pacientes com cólica biliar, mas devem ser usados com cautela, principalmente em pacientes com probabilidade de cirurgia precoce, devido ao aumento do risco de hemorragia digestiva.[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[99]Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Conte D, et al. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs for biliary colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 9;9(9):CD006390.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006390.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27610712?tool=bestpractice.com
A colecistectomia laparoscópica é o procedimento de primeira escolha para a colelitíase sintomática e deve ser realizada assim que possível; o tratamento cirúrgico imediato reduz a morbidade cirúrgica, o tempo de operação e a duração da permanência hospitalar.[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, et al. 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Nov 5;15(1):61.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00336-x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33153472?tool=bestpractice.com
[100]Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006231/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054285?tool=bestpractice.com
[101]Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, et al; Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct;24(10):2368-86.
https://www.sages.org/publications/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-clinical-application-of-laparoscopic-biliary-tract-surgery
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706739?tool=bestpractice.com
[102]Argiriov Y, Dani M, Tsironis C, et al. Cholecystectomy for complicated gallbladder and common biliary duct stones: current surgical management. Front Surg. 2020 Jul 21;7:42.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2020.00042/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793627?tool=bestpractice.com
Ferramentas de decisão clínica identificaram características do paciente naqueles com litíase biliar sintomática não complicada que estão associadas com o maior benefício da colecistectomia:[103]Latenstein CSS, Hannink G, van der Bilt JDW, et al. A clinical decision tool for selection of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis for cholecystectomy based on reduction of pain and a pain-free state following surgery. JAMA Surg. 2021 Oct 1;156(10):e213706.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2782931
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34379080?tool=bestpractice.com
A maioria dos pacientes com colelitíase sintomática deve ser considerada para colecistectomia laparoscópica, a menos que não consigam tolerar anestesia geral ou tenham uma doença cardiopulmonar grave ou outra comorbidade que torne a cirurgia inadequada.[101]Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, et al; Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct;24(10):2368-86.
https://www.sages.org/publications/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-clinical-application-of-laparoscopic-biliary-tract-surgery
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706739?tool=bestpractice.com
Os cuidados de suporte adequados para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia inclui jejum, fluidoterapia intravenosa e analgesia.[98]Manterola C, Vial M, Moraga J, et al. Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD005660.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005660.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249672?tool=bestpractice.com
[104]Miller TE, Myles PS. Perioperative fluid therapy for major surgery. Anesthesiology. 2019 May;130(5):825-32.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/fulltext/2019/05000/perioperative_fluid_therapy_for_major_surgery.31.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30789364?tool=bestpractice.com
Apesar das semelhanças de mortalidade e complicações entre a colecistectomia laparoscópica e por via aberta, a cirurgia laparoscópica está associada a redução do tempo de internação hospitalar e com um período de recuperação mais curto; por isso, é preferível.[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[100]Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD006231.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006231/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054285?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Williams E, Beckingham I, El Sayed G, et al. Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut. 2017 May;66(5):765-82.
https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/5/765.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122906?tool=bestpractice.com
Em gestantes, a colecistectomia laparoscópica é preferencial e idealmente realizada no segundo trimestre.[73]Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, et al. 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Nov 5;15(1):61.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00336-x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33153472?tool=bestpractice.com
[106]Kothari S, Afshar Y, Friedman LS, et al. AGA clinical practice update on pregnancy-related gastrointestinal and liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2024 Oct;167(5):1033-45.
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(24)05118-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39140906?tool=bestpractice.com
A laparotomia por via aberta é indicada (ocasionalmente, na prática) nos seguintes casos:[31]Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942871?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, et al. 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Nov 5;15(1):61.
https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00336-x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33153472?tool=bestpractice.com
[101]Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, et al; Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010 Oct;24(10):2368-86.
https://www.sages.org/publications/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-clinical-application-of-laparoscopic-biliary-tract-surgery
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706739?tool=bestpractice.com
[107]Philip Rothman J, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, et al. Preoperative risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Dig Surg. 2016;33(5):414-23.
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/445505
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160289?tool=bestpractice.com
Pacientes com pancreatite biliar não complicada devem ser submetidos a colecistectomia laparoscópica na mesma internação (idealmente dentro de 48 horas).[20]ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105;e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594622
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979521?tool=bestpractice.com
Coledocolitíase
Cálculos no ducto colédoco documentados justificam a remoção porque podem causar complicações obstrutivas graves como colangite aguda, abscesso hepático ou pancreatite.[31]Tazuma S, Unno M, Igarashi Y, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2016. J Gastroenterol. 2017 Mar;52(3):276-300.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-016-1289-7
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942871?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Williams E, Beckingham I, El Sayed G, et al. Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut. 2017 May;66(5):765-82.
https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/5/765.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122906?tool=bestpractice.com
[108]Johnson AG, Hosking SW. Appraisal of the management of bile duct stones. Br J Surg. 1987 Jul;74(7):555-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3304517?tool=bestpractice.com
[109]Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127190?tool=bestpractice.com
A combinação de dor biliar, cálculos na vesícula biliar, ducto colédoco dilatado (>6 mm) na ultrassonografia e bioquímica hepática anormal (especialmente, bilirrubina elevada >68 micromoles/L ou >4 g/dL) ou elevação de enzimas pancreáticas sugere que um cálculo pode ter migrado para o ducto colédoco. [1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
Se o seu paciente apresentar sintomas de cólica biliar, administre analgesia adequada.[98]Manterola C, Vial M, Moraga J, et al. Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD005660.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005660.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249672?tool=bestpractice.com
Consulte as diretrizes locais para a escolha do analgésico e da dose adequados.
Colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE)
CPRE com esfincterotomia biliar e extração de cálculos é o tratamento de primeira escolha para evitar complicações decorrentes de coledocolitíase.[20]ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105;e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594622
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979521?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Williams E, Beckingham I, El Sayed G, et al. Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut. 2017 May;66(5):765-82.
https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/5/765.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122906?tool=bestpractice.com
[109]Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127190?tool=bestpractice.com
[
]
How does early routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography compare with early conservative management in people with acute gallstone pancreatitis?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.867/fullMostre-me a resposta[Evidência B]a26907fc-423b-47b2-9baa-43fb7efd6214ccaBComo a colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) precoce de rotina se compara ao tratamento conservador precoce em pessoas com pancreatite biliar aguda?
Em cerca de 10% a 15% dos pacientes, a esfincterotomia com técnicas de extração padrão não é bem-sucedida, geralmente porque o cálculo é grande (>1.5 cm), está preso ou localizado em posição proximal à estenose.[110]McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16539873?tool=bestpractice.com
Esses pacientes precisam de litotripsia (fragmentação), dilatação papilar por balão e endoprótese biliar em longo prazo.[20]ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105;e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594622
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979521?tool=bestpractice.com
[76]Narula VK, Fung EC, Overby DW, et al. Clinical spotlight review for the management of choledocholithiasis. Surg Endosc. 2020 Apr;34(4):1482-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32095952?tool=bestpractice.com
[109]Caddy GR, Tham TC. Gallstone disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and endoscopic management of common bile duct stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1085-101.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127190?tool=bestpractice.com
[110]McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):123-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16539873?tool=bestpractice.com
[111]Chung JW, Chung JB. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of choledocholithiasis: indications, advantages, complications, and long-term follow-up results. Gut Liver. 2011 Mar;5(1):1-14.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065083
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21461066?tool=bestpractice.com
Após a extração endoscópica de cálculos, o tratamento definitivo com colecistectomia reduz o risco de eventos biliares recorrentes, em particular colangite ou pancreatite.[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[112]da Costa DW, Schepers NJ, Römkens TE, et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surgeon. 2016 Apr;14(2):99-108.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26542765?tool=bestpractice.com
Para a maioria dos pacientes com cálculos simultâneos na vesícula biliar e no ducto biliar, a colecistectomia laparoscópica precoce geralmente deve ser realizada após a CPRE e a extração dos cálculos, assim que quaisquer problemas anestésicos ou cirúrgicos forem resolvidos (dentro de 24 a 72 horas).[1]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(16)30032-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085810?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105;e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594622
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979521?tool=bestpractice.com
[113]Friis C, Rothman JP, Burcharth J, et al. Optimal timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review. Scand J Surg. 2018 Jun;107(2):99-106.
https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1457496917748224
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29277136?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma revisão Cochrane comparou os benefícios e malefícios desse procedimento de dois estágios com o "rendezvous laparoscópico-endoscópico", que combina as duas técnicas em uma operação de estágio único. Não havia evidências suficientes para determinar os efeitos do rendezvous laparoscópico-endoscópico versus as técnicas de esfincterotomia endoscópica pré-operatórias em indivíduos submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica em termos de mortalidade e morbidade.[114]Vettoretto N, Arezzo A, Famiglietti F, et al. Laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stones in the gallbladder and bile duct. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 11;4(4):CD010507.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010507.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29641848?tool=bestpractice.com
Embora não tenha sido possível chegar a conclusões firmes, o procedimento em estágio único pode ter duração mais longa de operação, mas menor tempo de internação hospitalar em geral.[20]ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Buxbaum JL, Abbas Fehmi SM, Sultan S, et al. ASGE guideline on the role of endoscopy in the evaluation and management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Jun;89(6):1075-105;e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594622
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979521?tool=bestpractice.com
[114]Vettoretto N, Arezzo A, Famiglietti F, et al. Laparoscopic-endoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy in people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for stones in the gallbladder and bile duct. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 11;4(4):CD010507.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010507.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29641848?tool=bestpractice.com
Exploração laparoscópica do ducto colédoco
Embora seja tecnicamente difícil, a exploração laparoscópica do ducto colédoco é tão efetiva quanto a CPRE, realizada antes ou depois da colecistectomia, e demonstrou ter taxas semelhantes de mortalidade e morbidade.[115]Schacher FC, Giongo SM, Teixeira FJP, et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus surgery for choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2019 Jul-Aug;18(4):595-600.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2019.01.010
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31080054?tool=bestpractice.com
[116]Riciardi R, Islam S, Canete JJ, et al. Effectiveness and long-term results of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Surg Endosc. 2003 Jan;17(1):19-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399840?tool=bestpractice.com
[117]Dasari BV, Tan CJ, Gurusamy KS, et al. Surgical versus endoscopic treatment of bile duct stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 12;2013(12):CD003327.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003327.pub4/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338858?tool=bestpractice.com
[
]
In adults with bile duct stones, how does surgical treatment compare with endoscopic treatment for improving outcomes?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.812/fullMostre-me a resposta[Evidência B]a4fafa4d-d808-4b1b-8ea8-f84ed8b74055ccaBEm adultos com cálculos no ducto biliar, quais as diferenças entre o tratamento cirúrgico e o tratamento endoscópico para melhorar os desfechos?
Para pacientes com risco intermediário de um cálculo do ducto colédoco (bioquímica hepática anormal com elevações de bilirrubina mais modestas, pancreatite biliar e idade >55 anos), a colecistectomia inicial com colangiografia intraoperatória e exploração do ducto colédoco pode encurtar a hospitalização sem aumentar as complicações.[76]Narula VK, Fung EC, Overby DW, et al. Clinical spotlight review for the management of choledocholithiasis. Surg Endosc. 2020 Apr;34(4):1482-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32095952?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Williams E, Beckingham I, El Sayed G, et al. Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Gut. 2017 May;66(5):765-82.
https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/5/765.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122906?tool=bestpractice.com
[118]Iranmanesh P, Frossard JL, Mugnier-Konrad B, et al. Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):137-44.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1886191
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25005650?tool=bestpractice.com
A exploração laparoscópica do ducto colédoco também deve ser considerada em pacientes com anatomia alterada cirurgicamente (por exemplo, cirurgia gástrica) ou CPRE malsucedida.[119]Li M, Tao Y, Shen S, et al. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in patients with previous abdominal biliary tract operations. Surg Endosc. 2020 Apr;34(4):1551-60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093335
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32072280?tool=bestpractice.com