Evaluación de la ictericia

Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Bataller R, et al. ACG clinical guideline: alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jan 1;119(1):30-54.Texto completo  Resumen

Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023 Mar 1;77(3):1036-65.Texto completo

Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):225-52.Texto completo  Resumen

Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Texto completo  Resumen

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: jaundice. 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

1. King D, Armstrong MJ. Overview of Gilbert's syndrome. Drug Ther Bull. 2019 Feb;57(2):27-31. Resumen

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis: clinical overview of viral hepatitis. Jan 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

3. Mantzoukis K, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Buzzetti E, et al. Pharmacological interventions for acute hepatitis B infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 21;(3):CD011645.Texto completo  Resumen

4. World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. Apr 2024 [internet publication].​Texto completo

5. Li J, Dong XQ, Cao LH, et al. Factors associated with persistent positive in HBV DNA level in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving entecavir treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1151899.Texto completo  Resumen

6. Grossi G, Viganò M, Loglio A, et al. Hepatitis B virus long-term impact of antiviral therapy nucleot(s)ide analogues (NUCs). Liver Int. 2017 Jan;37 Suppl 1:45-51.Texto completo  Resumen

7. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

8. Freeman AJ, Dore GJ, Law MG, et al. Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2001 Oct;34(4 pt 1):809-16. Resumen

9. Thein HH, Yi Q, Dore GJ, et al. Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Hepatology. 2008 Aug;48(2):418-31. Resumen

10. World Health Organization. ​Hepatitis C. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

11. Martinello M, Solomon SS, Terrault NA, et al. Hepatitis C. Lancet. 2023 Sep 23;402(10407):1085-96. Resumen

12. US Preventive Services Task Force; Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020 Mar 10;323(10):970-5.Texto completo  Resumen

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis D: hepatitis D basics​. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

14. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis delta virus. J Hepatol. 2023 Aug;79(2):433-60.Texto completo  Resumen

15. Songtanin B, Molehin AJ, Brittan K, et al. Hepatitis E virus infections: epidemiology, genetic diversity, and clinical considerations. Viruses. 2023 Jun 17;15(6):1389.Texto completo  Resumen

16. Wu C, Wu X, Xia J. Hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy. Virol J. 2020 Jun 10;17(1):73.Texto completo  Resumen

17. Jilani N, Das BC, Husain SA, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 May;22(5):676-82. Resumen

18. Price JC, Thio CL. Liver disease in the HIV-infected individual. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Dec;8(12):1002-12.Texto completo  Resumen

19. Whitty CJ, Chiodini PL, Lalloo DG. Investigation and treatment of imported malaria in non-endemic countries. BMJ. 2013 May 21;346:f2900. Resumen

20. Wuerz T, Kane JB, Boggild AK, et al. A review of amoebic liver abscess for clinicians in a nonendemic setting. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;26(10):729-33.Texto completo  Resumen

21. Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Sep 17;9(9):e0003898.Texto completo  Resumen

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leptospirosis: clinical overview of Leptospirosis. Apr 2025 [internet publication].​Texto completo

23. De Brito T, Aiello VD, da Silva LF, et al. Human hemorrhagic pulmonary leptospirosis: pathological findings and pathophysiological correlations. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 12;8(8):e71743.Texto completo  Resumen

24. Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Bataller R, et al. ACG clinical guideline: alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jan 1;119(1):30-54.Texto completo  Resumen

25. Singal AK, Mathurin P. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver disease: a review. JAMA. 2021 Jul 13;326(2):165-76. Resumen

26. Seitz HK, Bataller R, Cortez-Pinto H, et al. Alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Aug 16;4(1):16. Resumen

27. Lee WM. Drug-induced acute liver failure. Clin Liver Dis. 2013 Nov;17(4):575-86;viii.Texto completo  Resumen

28. Kullak-Ublick GA, Andrade RJ, Merz M, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: recent advances in diagnosis and risk assessment. Gut. 2017 Jun;66(6):1154-64.Texto completo  Resumen

29. Hoofnagle JH, Björnsson ES. Drug-induced liver injury - types and phenotypes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 18;381(3):264-73. Resumen

30. Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023 Mar 1;77(3):1036-65.Texto completo

31. Chalasani NP, Maddur H, Russo MW, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 May 1;116(5):878-98.Texto completo  Resumen

32. Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, et al. Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jun;144(7):1419-25, 1425.e1-3; quiz e19-20.Texto completo  Resumen

33. Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology. 2002 Aug;36(2):451-5.Texto completo  Resumen

34. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: drug-induced liver injury. J Hepatol. 2019 Jun;70(6):1222-61.Texto completo  Resumen

35. Tujios SR, Lee WM. Acute liver failure induced by idiosyncratic reaction to drugs: challenges in diagnosis and therapy. Liver Int. 2018 Jan;38(1):6-14.Texto completo  Resumen

36. Björnsson ES. Drug-induced liver injury due to antibiotics. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun-Jul;52(6-7):617-23. Resumen

37. Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, et al. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Hepatology. 2014 Oct;60(4):1399-408.Texto completo  Resumen

38. Nichols SD, Albert S, Shirley L, et al. Outcomes in patients with obstructive jaundice from metastatic colorectal cancer and implications for management. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014 Dec;18(12):2186-91.Texto completo  Resumen

39. Vogel A, Meyer T, Sapisochin G, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2022 Oct 15;400(10360):1345-62. Resumen

40. Birrer MJ, Young RC. Differential diagnosis of jaundice in lymphoma patients. Semin Liver Dis. 1987 Aug;7(3):269-77. Resumen

41. Lleo A, Wang GQ, Gershwin ME, et al. Primary biliary cholangitis. Lancet. 2020 Dec 12;396(10266):1915-26. Resumen

42. Lv T, Chen S, Li M, et al. Regional variation and temporal trend of primary biliary cholangitis epidemiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jun;36(6):1423-34. Resumen

43. Gazda J, Drazilova S, Janicko M, et al. The epidemiology of primary biliary cholangitis in European countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;2021:9151525.Texto completo  Resumen

44. Mehta TI, Weissman S, Fung BM, et al. Global incidence, prevalence and features of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2021 Oct;41(10):2418-26. Resumen

45. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu, European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):761-806.Texto completo  Resumen

46. Dyson JK, Beuers U, Jones DEJ, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Lancet. 2018 Jun 23;391(10139):2547-59. Resumen

47. Chapman MH, Thorburn D, Hirschfield GM, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology and UK-PSC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2019 Aug;68(8):1356-78.Texto completo  Resumen

48. Schilsky ML, Roberts EA, Bronstein JM, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of Wilson disease: executive summary of the 2022 practice guidance on Wilson disease from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2022 Dec 7.Texto completo  Resumen

49. Patil M, Sheth KA, Krishnamurthy AC, et al. A review and current perspective on Wilson disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2013 Dec;3(4):321-36.Texto completo  Resumen

50. Kowdley KV, Brown KE, Ahn J, et al. ACG clinical guideline: hereditary hemochromatosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1202-18.Texto completo  Resumen

51. Björnsson E, Chari ST, Smyrk TC, et al. Immunoglobulin G4 associated cholangitis: description of an emerging clinical entity based on review of the literature. Hepatology. 2007 Jun;45(6):1547-54.Texto completo  Resumen

52. Schmidt-Hansen M, Berendse S, Hamilton W. Symptoms of pancreatic cancer in primary care: a systematic review. Pancreas. 2016 Jul;45(6):814-8. Resumen

53. National Cancer Institute; surveillance, epidemiology and end results program. Cancer stat facts: pancreatic cancer. 2025 [internet publication].​Texto completo

54. Bowlus CL, Arrivé L, Bergquist A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Feb 1;77(2):659-702.Texto completo  Resumen

55. Gulamhusein AF, Eaton JE, Tabibian JH, et al. Duration of inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and IBD. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):705-11.Texto completo  Resumen

56. Huai JP, Ding J, Ye XH, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of cholangiocarcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(8):3477-82. Resumen

57. Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, et al. Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2005 Mar;128(3):620-6.Texto completo  Resumen

58. Kubo S, Takemura S, Tanaka S, et al. Occupational cholangiocarcinoma caused by exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and/or dichloromethane. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2017 Nov 17;2(2):99-105.Texto completo  Resumen

59. Kumagai S, Sobue T, Makiuchi T, et al. Relationship between cumulative exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and incidence risk of cholangiocarcinoma among offset printing workers. Occup Environ Med. 2016 Aug;73(8):545-52. Resumen

60. Duraiswamy S, Sheffield JS, Mcintire D, et al. Updated etiology and significance of elevated bilirubin during pregnancy: changes parallel shift in demographics and vaccination status. Dig Dis Sci. 2017 Feb;62(2):517-25. Resumen

61. Mackle IJ, Swann DG, Cook B. One year outcome of intensive care patients with decompensated alcoholic liver disease. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Oct;97(4):496-8.Texto completo  Resumen

62. D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol. 2006 Jan;44(1):217-31.Texto completo

63. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Texto completo  Resumen

64. Rumsey S, Winders J, MacCormick AD. Diagnostic accuracy of Charcot's triad: a systematic review. ANZ J Surg. 2017 Apr;87(4):232-8. Resumen

65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

66. Stravitz RT, Lee WM. Acute liver failure. Lancet. 2019 Sep 7;394(10201):869-81. Resumen

67. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practical guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol. 2017 May;66(5):1047-81.Texto completo  Resumen

68. Nanchal R, Subramanian R, Karvellas CJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure in the ICU: cardiovascular, endocrine, hematologic, pulmonary, and renal considerations. Crit Care Med. 2020 Mar;48(3):e173-91.Texto completo  Resumen

69. Nanchal R, Subramanian R, Alhazzani W, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure in the ICU: neurology, peri-transplant medicine, infectious disease, and gastroenterology considerations. Crit Care Med. 2023 May 1;51(5):657-76.Texto completo  Resumen

70. Shingina A, Mukhtar N, Wakim-Fleming J, et al. Acute liver failure guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jul 1;118(7):1128-53.Texto completo  Resumen

71. Martin P, DiMartini A, Feng S, et al. Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Hepatology. 2014 Mar;59(3):1144-65.Texto completo  Resumen

72. Hernaez R, Solà E, Moreau R, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: an update. Gut. 2017 Mar;66(3):541-53.Texto completo  Resumen

73. Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):225-52.Texto completo  Resumen

74. Sarin SK, Choudhury A. Management of acute-on-chronic liver failure: an algorithmic approach. Hepatol Int. 2018 Sep;12(5):402-16. Resumen

75. Aggarwal A, Biswas S, Arora U, et al. Definitions, etiologies, and outcomes of acute on chronic liver failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Nov;22(11):2199-210.e25.Texto completo  Resumen

76. Fernández J, Acevedo J, Wiest R, et al. Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis. Gut. 2018 Oct;67(10):1870-80. Resumen

77. Bajaj JS, Kamath PS, Reddy KR. The evolving challenge of infections in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 17;384(24):2317-30. Resumen

78. Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jun;144(7):1426-37;e1-9.Texto completo  Resumen

79. Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 2014 Nov;61(5):1038-47. Resumen

80. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 2023 Aug;79(2):461-91.Texto completo  Resumen

81. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cirrhosis in over 16s: assessment and management. Sep 2023 [interner publication].Texto completo

82. British Society of Gastroenterology, British Society for the Study of the Liver. Decompensated cirrhosis care bundle – first 24 hours. 2014 [internet publication].Texto completo

83. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):1014-48.Texto completo  Resumen

84. Bataller R, Arab JP, Shah VH. Alcohol-associated hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2022 Dec 29;387(26):2436-48.

85. Dunn W, Jamil LH, Brown LS, et al. MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):353-8. Resumen

86. Van Melkebeke L, Korf H, Tsochatzis EA, et al. Treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis: A systematic review. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;60:91-101. Resumen

87. Pavlov CS, Varganova DL, Casazza G, et al. Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 9;(4):CD001511.Texto completo  Resumen

88. Louvet A, Naveau S, Abdelnour M, et al. The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids. Hepatology. 2007 Jun;45(6):1348-54.Texto completo  Resumen

89. Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia M, Duvoor C, Altamirano J. A day-4 Lille model predicts response to corticosteroids and mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;112(2):306-15. Resumen

90. Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M, et al; STOPAH trial. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1619-28.Texto completo  Resumen

91. van Lingen R, Warshow U, Dalton HR, et al. Jaundice as a presentation of heart failure. J R Soc Med. 2005 Aug;98(8):357-9.Texto completo  Resumen

92. Win TZ, Han SM, Edwards T, et al. Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Mar 14;3(3):CD014960.Texto completo  Resumen

93. Bassari R, Koea JB. Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb 7;21(5):1404-13.Texto completo  Resumen

94. Stillman AE. Jaundice. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, eds. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.Texto completo

95. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C: clinical overview of hepatitis C. Jan 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

96. Berner MM, Kriston L, Bentele M, et al. The alcohol use disorders identification test for detecting at-risk drinking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007 May;68(3):461-73. Resumen

97. Crawford EF, Fulton JJ, Swinkels CM, et al. Diagnostic efficiency of the AUDIT-C in US veterans with military service since September 11, 2001. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Sep 1;132(1-2):101-6. Resumen

98. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020 Dec 15;324(23):2415-22.Texto completo  Resumen

99. Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014 Aug;60(2):715-35.Texto completo  Resumen

100. Cohen JA, Kaplan MM. The SGOT/SGPT ratio - an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1979 Nov;24(11):835-8. Resumen

101. Mitchell MC, Friedman LS, McClain CJ. Medical management of severe alcoholic hepatitis: expert review from the Clinical Practice Updates Committee of the AGA Institute. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;15(1):5-12.Texto completo  Resumen

102. Forrest EH, Evans CD, Stewart S, et al. Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score. Gut. 2005 Aug;54(8):1174-9.Texto completo  Resumen

103. Arnold J, Avila E, Idalsoaga F, et al. Advances in the diagnosis and management of hepatorenal syndrome: insights into HRS-AKI and liver transplantation. eGastroenterology. 2023 Sep;1(2):e100009.Texto completo  Resumen

104. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(2):1014-48.Texto completo  Resumen

105. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397-417.Texto completo  Resumen

106. Bernardi M, Carceni P, Navickis RJ, et al. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1172-81.Texto completo  Resumen

107. Aithal GP, Palaniyappan N, China L, et al. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut. 2021 Jan;70(1):9-29.Texto completo  Resumen

108. Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. J Hepatol. 2000;32(1):142-53. Resumen

109. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: jaundice. 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

110. Vogel A, Bridgewater J, Edeline J, et al. Biliary tract cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023 Feb;34(2):127-40.Texto completo  Resumen

111. Rushbrook SM, Kendall TJ, Zen Y, et al. British society of gastroenterology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Gut. 2023 Dec 7;73(1):16-46.Texto completo  Resumen

112. Kolodziejczyk E, Jurkiewicz E, Pertkiewicz J, et al. MRCP versus ERCP in the evaluation of chronic pancreatitis in children: which is the better choice? Pancreas. 2016 Sep;45(8):1115-9. Resumen

113. Scaffidi MG, Luigiano C, Consolo P, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangio-pancreatography versus endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in the diagnosis of common bile duct stones: a prospective comparative study. Minerva Med. 2009 Oct;100(5):341-8. Resumen

114. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pancreatic cancer in adults: diagnosis and management. Feb 2018 [internet publication].Texto completo

115. Conroy T, Pfeiffer P, Vilgrain V, et al. Pancreatic cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023 Nov;34(11):987-1002.Texto completo

116. Elmunzer BJ, Maranki JL, Gómez V, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of biliary strictures. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Mar 1;118(3):405-26.Texto completo  Resumen

117. Manes G, Paspatis G, Aabakken L, et al. Endoscopic management of common bile duct stones: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2019 May;51(5):472-91.Texto completo  Resumen

118. Whitfield JB, Masson S, Liangpunsakul S, et al. Evaluation of laboratory tests for cirrhosis and for alcohol use, in the context of alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcohol. 2018 Feb;66:1-7.Texto completo  Resumen

119. McMahon BJ, Alward WL, Hall DB, et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis. 1985 Apr;151(4):599-603. Resumen

120. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. May 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

121. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989 Aug;97(2):439-45.Texto completo  Resumen

122. Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: a comparison of currently available diagnostic tests. Hepatology. 2008 Oct;48(4):1167-74. Resumen

123. Longo M, Crosignani A, Battezzati PM, et al. Hyperlipidaemic state and cardiovascular risk in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 2002 Aug;51(2):265-9.Texto completo  Resumen