As tentativas para prevenir o íleo pós-operatório devem começar no período perioperatório, incluindo o manejo hídrico intraoperatório adequado e a evitação de analgesia com opioides. O programa Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) é cada vez mais utilizado na tentativa de acelerar a recuperação da função intestinal e encurtar a duração da internação hospitalar.[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Story SK, Chamberlain RS. A comprehensive review of evidence-based strategies to prevent and treat postoperative ileus. Dig Surg. 2009;26(4):265-75.
https://karger.com/dsu/article/26/4/265/116383/A-Comprehensive-Review-of-Evidence-Based
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590205?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Joh YG, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg J, et al. Standardized postoperative pathway: accelerating recovery after ileostomy closure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Dec;51(12):1786-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18575937?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pilares das vias ERAS incluem a cirurgia minimamente invasiva, evitar opioides, controle multimodal da dor, deambulação precoce e ingestão precoce de fluidos e sólidos por via oral.[3]Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus-an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252179?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Mar 1;152(3):292-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097305?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Hedrick TL, McEvoy MD, Mythen MMG, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1896-907.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2018/06000/american_society_for_enhanced_recovery_and.20.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293183?tool=bestpractice.com
Em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias e que requeiram analgesia com opioides, a diminuição do uso de analgésicos opioides administrados sistemicamente ajuda a prevenir o íleo paralítico pós-operatório. As bombas de analgesia controladas pelo paciente também são benéficas, pois reduzem a quantidade total de opioide administrado em comparação com administração de analgésicos de forma intermitente durante o dia por um enfermeiro.[31]Chan KC, Cheng YJ, Huang GT, et al. The effect of IVPCA morphine on post-hysterectomy bowel function. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2002 Jun;40(2):61-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194392?tool=bestpractice.com
Os adjuvantes úteis para o controle da dor incluem os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) como o cetorolaco, analgésicos e anestésicos locais administrados por via epidural.[3]Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus-an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252179?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[32]Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Br J Surg. 2003 Oct;90(10):1195-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14515286?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Marret E, Remy C, Bonnet F. Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2007 Jun;94(6):665-73.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bjs.5825
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514701?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, et al. The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Sep;9(7):584-98;discussion 598-600.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506795?tool=bestpractice.com
[35]Carli F, Trudel JL, Belliveau P. The effect of intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia on bowel function after colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1083-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535845?tool=bestpractice.com
[36]Schlachta CM, Burpee SE, Fernandez C, et al. Optimizing recovery after laparoscopic colon surgery (ORAL-CS): effect of intravenous ketorolac on length of hospital stay. Surg Endosc. 2007 Dec;21(12):2212-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440782?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Chen JY, Wu GJ, Mok MS, et al. Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Apr;49(4):546-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15777304?tool=bestpractice.com
[38]McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Schumann R. Single-dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 17;5(5):CD013263.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013263.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33998669?tool=bestpractice.com
[39]Bell S, Rennie T, Marwick CA, et al. Effects of peri-operative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on post-operative kidney function for adults with normal kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 29;11(11):CD011274.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011274.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30488949?tool=bestpractice.com
[40]Chen JY, Ko TL, Wen YR, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac and its correlation with the recovery of postoperative bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective randomized double-blinded study. Clin J Pain. 2009 Jul-Aug;25(6):485-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542795?tool=bestpractice.com
As recomendações para a prevenção primária do íleo paralítico pós-operatório prolongado incluem:
Uso da laparoscopia em vez da laparotomia, utilizando técnicas cirúrgicas minimamente invasivas e com mínima manipulação intestinal[3]Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus-an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252179?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[41]Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the short-term outcome of laparoscopic resection for colon and rectosigmoid cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jun;8(5):375-88.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684081?tool=bestpractice.com
[42]Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Jul;6(7):477-84.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992696?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Tilney HS, Lovegrove RE, Purkayastha S, et al. Laparoscopic vs open subtotal colectomy for benign and malignant disease. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jun;8(5):441-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684090?tool=bestpractice.com
Redução no uso rotineiro de sondas nasogástricas no período perioperatório ou remoção de sondas orogástricas ou nasogástricas imediatamente após a conclusão da cirurgia[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Hedrick TL, McEvoy MD, Mythen MMG, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1896-907.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2018/06000/american_society_for_enhanced_recovery_and.20.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293183?tool=bestpractice.com
Restrição de fluidoterapia intravenosa (administração de líquidos guiada por metas)[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
Manipulação delicada dos tecidos e minimização do sangramento intraoperatório[44]Alhashemi M, Fiore JF Jr, Safa N, et al. Incidence and predictors of prolonged postoperative ileus after colorectal surgery in the context of an enhanced recovery pathway. Surg Endosc. 2018 Oct 17.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00464-018-6514-4
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30334165?tool=bestpractice.com
Alimentação enteral precoce[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Orji EO, Olabode TO, Kuti O, et al. A randomised controlled trial of early initiation of oral feeding after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Jan;22(1):65-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165681?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Boelens PG, Heesakkers FF, Luyer MD, et al. Reduction of postoperative ileus by early enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major rectal surgery: prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2014 Apr;259(4):649-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169163?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Chapman SJ, Pericleous A, Downey C, et al. Postoperative ileus following major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2018 Jun;105(7):797-810.
https://academic.oup.com/bjs/article/105/7/797/6123141?login=false
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29469195?tool=bestpractice.com
Deambulação no primeiro dia pós-operatório
Uso de AINEs e analgesia controlada pelo paciente[22]Person B, Wexner SD. The management of postoperative ileus. Curr Probl Surg. 2006 Jan;43(1):6-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412717?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg. 2003 Feb;138(2):206-14.
http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/138/2/206
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12578422?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[40]Chen JY, Ko TL, Wen YR, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac and its correlation with the recovery of postoperative bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective randomized double-blinded study. Clin J Pain. 2009 Jul-Aug;25(6):485-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542795?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]Gannon RH. Current strategies for preventing or ameliorating postoperative ileus: a multimodal approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 15;64(20 suppl 13):S8-12.
https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/64/20_Supplement_13/S8/5135806
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909275?tool=bestpractice.com
[49]Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg. 2000 Nov;87(11):1480-93.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11091234?tool=bestpractice.com
Redução da administração parenteral de opioides por meio do uso de analgesia epidural[3]Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus-an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252179?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Chapman SJ, Pericleous A, Downey C, et al. Postoperative ileus following major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2018 Jun;105(7):797-810.
https://academic.oup.com/bjs/article/105/7/797/6123141?login=false
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29469195?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]Zingg U, Miskovic D, Hamel CT, et al. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on postoperative pain relief and ileus after laparoscopic colorectal resection: benefit with epidural analgesia. Surg Endosc. 2009 Feb;23(2):276-82.
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/156492
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363059?tool=bestpractice.com
[51]Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL. Epidural local anesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting, and pain after abdominal surgery: a Cochrane review. Anesth Analg. 2016 Dec;123(6):1591-602.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2016/12000/epidural_local_anesthetics_versus_opioid_based.33.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870743?tool=bestpractice.com
A analgesia peridural (peridural torácica) e a analgesia regional (bloqueios do plano transverso do abdome [TAP]) são efetivas na redução da incidência de íleo paralítico pós-operatório e no fornecimento de uma melhor analgesia pós-operatória.[51]Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL. Epidural local anesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting, and pain after abdominal surgery: a Cochrane review. Anesth Analg. 2016 Dec;123(6):1591-602.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2016/12000/epidural_local_anesthetics_versus_opioid_based.33.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870743?tool=bestpractice.com
Administração intravenosa de lidocaína durante e após a anestesia geral, o que pode reduzir as necessidades de opiáceos no pós-operatório, embora o efeito sobre a recuperação gastrointestinal permaneça incerto.[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Chapman SJ, Pericleous A, Downey C, et al. Postoperative ileus following major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2018 Jun;105(7):797-810.
https://academic.oup.com/bjs/article/105/7/797/6123141?login=false
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29469195?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Weibel S, Jelting Y, Pace NL, et al. Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 4;6(6):CD009642.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009642.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29864216?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008 Nov;95(11):1331-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844267?tool=bestpractice.com
As outras intervenções para prevenir ou reduzir o íleo paralítico pós-operatório incluem os antagonistas de receptores mu-opioides de ação periférica, goma de mascar, bisacodil, óxido de magnésio, daikenchuto e consumo de café, todos com algumas indicações para afetar um íleo paralítico estabelecido, embora não sejam recomendados de maneira rotineira.[3]Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus-an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252179?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Hedrick TL, McEvoy MD, Mythen MMG, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1896-907.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2018/06000/american_society_for_enhanced_recovery_and.20.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293183?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Chapman SJ, Pericleous A, Downey C, et al. Postoperative ileus following major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2018 Jun;105(7):797-810.
https://academic.oup.com/bjs/article/105/7/797/6123141?login=false
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29469195?tool=bestpractice.com
[54]Hamel JF, Sabbagh C, Alves A, et al. Comparison of treatment to improve gastrointestinal functions after colorectal surgery within enhanced recovery programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 1;11(1):7423.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86699-w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33795783?tool=bestpractice.com
O alvimopan é um antagonista do receptor mu-opioide altamente seletivo que pode reduzir a incidência do íleo paralítico pós-operatório.[54]Hamel JF, Sabbagh C, Alves A, et al. Comparison of treatment to improve gastrointestinal functions after colorectal surgery within enhanced recovery programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 1;11(1):7423.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86699-w
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33795783?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Drake TM, Ward AE. Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Jun;20(6):1253-64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073081?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 15;64(20 suppl 13):S13-20.
https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/64/20_Supplement_13/S13/5135801
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909271?tool=bestpractice.com
Ele é indicado para o uso hospitalar de curta duração (máximo de 15 doses) em adultos submetidos ou que serão submetidos a ressecção dos intestinos delgado ou grosso.[57]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA label: Entereg (Alvimopan) capsules. May 2008 [internet publication].
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/021775lbl.pdf
A função gastrointestinal retornou 15-22 horas antes, e a alta hospitalar ocorreu aproximadamente 16-20 horas antes nos pacientes que receberam alvimopan em comparação com os que receberam placebo.[30]Hedrick TL, McEvoy MD, Mythen MMG, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1896-907.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2018/06000/american_society_for_enhanced_recovery_and.20.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293183?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Drake TM, Ward AE. Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Jun;20(6):1253-64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27073081?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Sep;43(9):1474-85.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602600?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Jun;48(6):1114-25;discussion 1125-6;author reply 1127-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15906123?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]Buchler MWS, Seiler CM, Monson JR, et al. Clinical trial: Alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Aug 1;28(3):312-25.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19086236?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al. Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg. 2004 Oct;240(4):728-34;discussion 734-5.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1356474&blobtype=pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383800?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004930.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254064?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Ludwig K, Viscusi ER, Wolff BG, et al. Alvimopan for the management of postoperative ileus after bowel resection: characterization of clinical benefit by pooled responder analysis. World J Surg. 2010 Sep;34(9):2185-90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917559
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20526599?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Vaughan-Shaw PG, Fecher IC, Harris S, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan in reducing hospital length of stay and time to GI recovery in patients enrolled in a standardized accelerated recovery program after abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012 May;55(5):611-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513441?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Sultan S, Coles B, Dahm P. Alvimopan for recovery of bowel function after radical cystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 2;5(5):CD012111.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012111.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462518?tool=bestpractice.com
A administração em curto prazo foi associada a eventos adversos mínimos. A maioria dos estudos publicados incluiu somente cirurgias abdominais por via aberta, e faltam dados sólidos a respeito dos benefícios do alvimopan nas cirurgias laparoscópicas. Um ensaio não randomizado mostrou que o alvimopan foi bem-sucedido para evitar o íleo paralítico pós-operatório após uma colectomia direita laparoscópica, mas são necessários ensaios prospectivos randomizados mais amplos antes que ele possa ser recomendado nas cirurgias laparoscópicas.[64]Vaughan-Shaw PG, Fecher IC, Harris S, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan in reducing hospital length of stay and time to GI recovery in patients enrolled in a standardized accelerated recovery program after abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012 May;55(5):611-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513441?tool=bestpractice.com
Várias metanálises e ensaios randomizados e controlados mostraram uma diminuição da duração do íleo paralítico pós-operatório em pacientes que receberam goma de mascar após a cirurgia.[58]Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Sep;43(9):1474-85.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602600?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Vasquez W, Hernandez AV, Garcia-Sabrido JL, et al. Is gum chewing useful for ileus after elective colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009 Apr;13(4):649-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19050983?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Purkayastha S, Tilney HS, Darzi AW, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating chewing gum to enhance postoperative recovery following colectomy. Arch Surg. 2008 Aug;143(8):788-93.
http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/143/8/788
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18711040?tool=bestpractice.com
[68]Noble EJH, Harris R, Hosie KB, et al. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2009 Apr;7(2):100-5.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743919109000089?via%3Dihub
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261555?tool=bestpractice.com
[69]Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg. 2009 Dec;33(12):2557-66.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763686?tool=bestpractice.com
[70]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com
[71]van den Heijkant TC, Costes LM, van der Lee DG, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2015 Feb;102(3):202-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524125?tool=bestpractice.com
[72]Zhu YP, Wang WJ, Zhang SL, et al. Effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel motility after caesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2014 Jun;121(7):787-92.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.12662/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24629205?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Andersson T, Bjerså K, Falk K, et al. Effects of chewing gum against postoperative ileus after pancreaticoduodenectomy - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes. 2015 Feb 10;8:37.
http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-0996-0
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886536?tool=bestpractice.com
[74]Pereira Gomes Morais E, Riera R, Porfírio GJ, et al. Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 17;10(10):CD011562.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011562.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27747876?tool=bestpractice.com
As evidências disponíveis sugerem que mascar goma de mascar no pós-operatório imediato após um parto cesáreo é bem tolerado e pode aumentar a recuperação precoce da função intestinal, embora a qualidade da evidência seja muito baixa.[26]Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-018-4844-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30426190?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Hedrick TL, McEvoy MD, Mythen MMG, et al. American society for enhanced recovery and perioperative quality initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1896-907.
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2018/06000/american_society_for_enhanced_recovery_and.20.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293183?tool=bestpractice.com
[74]Pereira Gomes Morais E, Riera R, Porfírio GJ, et al. Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 17;10(10):CD011562.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011562.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27747876?tool=bestpractice.com