Hipertrigliceridemia

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Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Texto completo  Resumo

Patel SB, Wyne KL, Afreen S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline on pharmacologic management of adults with dyslipidemia. Endocr Pract. 2025 Feb;31(2):236-62.Texto completo  Resumo

1. Yuan G, Al-Shali KZ, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment. CMAJ. 2007 Apr 10;176(8):1113-20.Texto completo  Resumo

2. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Texto completo  Resumo

3. Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Fazio S, et al. The forgotten lipids: triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Endocr Rev. 2019 Apr 1;40(2):537-57.Texto completo  Resumo

4. Sandhu S, Al-Sarraf A, Taraboanta C, et al. Incidence of pancreatitis, secondary causes, and treatment of patients referred to a specialty lipid clinic with severe hypertriglyceridemia: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Sep 11;10:157.Texto completo  Resumo

5. Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, et al. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):99-109c.Texto completo  Resumo

6. Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, et al.; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Aug;2(8):655-66.Texto completo  Resumo

7. Fredrickson DS, Levy RI, Lees RS. Fat transport in lipoproteins - an integrated approach to mechanisms and disorder. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:273-281. Resumo

8. Virani SS, Morris PB, Agarwala A, et al. 2021 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the management of ASCVD risk reduction in patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 31;78(9):960-93.Texto completo  Resumo

9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) - executive summary. JAMA. 2001 May 16;285(19):2486-97. Resumo

10. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Texto completo  Resumo

11. Hegele RA, Borén J, Ginsberg HN, et al. Rare dyslipidaemias, from phenotype to genotype to management: a European Atherosclerosis Society task force consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Jan;8(1):50-67. Resumo

12. Simha V. Management of hypertriglyceridemia. BMJ. 2020 Oct 12;371:m3109. Resumo

13. Brahm A, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrients. 2013 Mar 22;5(3):981-1001.Texto completo  Resumo

14. Tóth PP, Potter D, Ming EE. Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2006. J Clin Lipidol. 2012 Jul-Aug;6(4):325-30. Resumo

15. Toth PP, Fazio S, Wong ND, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia: a review of real-world evidence. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020 Mar;22(3):279-89.Texto completo  Resumo

16. Martin SS, Aday AW, Allen NB, et al. 2025 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025 Feb 25;151(8):e41-660.Texto completo  Resumo

17. Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 May 24;123(20):2292-333.Texto completo  Resumo

18. Lewis GF, Xiao C, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia in the genomic era: a new paradigm. Endocr Rev. 2015 Feb;36(1):131-47.Texto completo  Resumo

19. Goldberg RB, Chait A. A comprehensive update on the chylomicronemia syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Oct 23;11:593931.Texto completo  Resumo

20. Chait A, Eckel RH. The chylomicronemia syndrome is most often multifactorial: a narrative review of causes and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 2019 May 7;170(9):626-34. Resumo

21. Rosenson RS, Hegele RA, Gotto AM Jr. Integrated measure for atherogenic lipoproteins in the modern era: risk assessment based on apolipoprotein B. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jan 19;67(2):202-4.Texto completo  Resumo

22. Burnett JR, Hooper AJ, Hegele RA. Remnant cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 8;76(23):2736-9.Texto completo  Resumo

23. Sniderman AD, Pencina M, Thanassoulis G. ApoB. Circ Res. 2019 May 10;124(10):1425-7.Texto completo  Resumo

24. Babirak SP, Iverius PH, Fujimoto WY, et al. Detection and characterization of the heterozygote state for lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Arteriosclerosis. 1989 May-Jun;9(3):326-34.Texto completo  Resumo

25. Stahel P, Xiao C, Hegele RA, et al. The atherogenic dyslipidemia complex and novel approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes. Can J Cardiol. 2018 May;34(5):595-604. Resumo

26. Park HB, Arsanjani R, Hong SJ, et al. Impact of hypertriglyceridaemia on cardiovascular mortality according to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a 15.6-million population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024 Feb 15;31(3):280-90.Texto completo  Resumo

27. Berberich AJ, Hegele RA. A modern approach to dyslipidemia. Endocr Rev. 2022 Jul 13;43(4):611-53.Texto completo  Resumo

28. Dron JS, Hegele RA. Genetics of hypertriglyceridemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 24;11:455.Texto completo  Resumo

29. Dron JS, Wang J, Cao H, et al. Severe hypertriglyceridemia is primarily polygenic. J Clin Lipidol. 2019 Jan - Feb;13(1):80-8.Texto completo  Resumo

30. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 Aug;12(8):911-9. Resumo

31. Goldberg IJ, Ibrahim N, Bredefeld C, et al. Ketogenic diets, not for everyone. J Clin Lipidol. 2021 Jan-Feb;15(1):61-7.Texto completo  Resumo

32. Abbasi F, McLaughlin T, Lamendola C, et al. High carbohydrate diets, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Jan 1;85(1):45-8. Resumo

33. Gjuladin-Hellon T, Davies IG, Penson P, et al. Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2019 Mar 1;77(3):161-80.Texto completo  Resumo

34. Klop B, do Rego AT, Cabezas MC. Alcohol and plasma triglycerides. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013 Aug;24(4):321-6. Resumo

35. Saeed S, Waje-Andreassen U, Nilsson PM. The association of the metabolic syndrome with target organ damage: focus on the heart, brain, and central arteries. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020 Sep;18(9):601-14. Resumo

36. Golden A, Kessler C. Obesity and genetics. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2020 Jul;32(7):493-6. Resumo

37. Jennings J, Faselis C, Yao MD. NAFLD-NASH: an under-recognized epidemic. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2018;16(3):209-13. Resumo

38. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Lipid-lowering agents for concurrent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Nov;20(16):2007-17. Resumo

39. Oh J, Hegele RA. HIV-associated dyslipidaemia: pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Dec;7(12):787-96. Resumo

40. Waters DD, Hsue PY. Lipid abnormalities in persons living with HIV infection. Can J Cardiol. 2019 Mar;35(3):249-59. Resumo

41. Arnaldi G, Scandali VM, Trementino L, et al. Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92 (Suppl 1):86-90.Texto completo  Resumo

42. Salazar A, Mana J, Pinto X, et al. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in patients with active sarcoidosis. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Jan;136(1):133-7. Resumo

43. Escárcega RO, García-Carrasco M, Fuentes-Alexandro S, et al. Insulin resistance, chronic inflammatory state and the link with systemic lupus erythematosus-related coronary disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Nov;6(1):48-53. Resumo

44. Aviram M, Carter A, Brook JG, et al. Chylomicronaemia in multiple myeloma. Scand J Haematol. 1985 May;34(5):436-41. Resumo

45. Markell MS, Friedman EA. Hyperlipidemia after organ transplantation. Am J Med. 1989 Nov;87(5N):61-67N. Resumo

46. Stone NJ. Secondary causes of hyperlipidemia. Med Clin North Am. 1994 Jan;78(1):117-41. Resumo

47. Goldberg AS, Hegele RA. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug;97(8):2589-96.Texto completo  Resumo

48. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Dec 7;144(23):e472-e487.Texto completo  Resumo

49. United States Preventive Services Task Force. Healthy diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: behavioral counseling interventions. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo

50. United States Preventive Services Task Force. Healthy diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults without cardiovascular disease risk factors: behavioral counseling interventions. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo

51. Brahm AJ, Hegele RA. Chylomicronaemia: current diagnosis and future therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jun;11(6):352-62. Resumo

52. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007 Jul 18;298(3):299-308.Texto completo  Resumo

53. Huet F, Roubille C, Roubille F. Is hypertriglyceridemia atherogenic? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019 Aug;30(4):291-9.Texto completo  Resumo

54. Hubert HB, Feinleb M, McNamara PM, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983 May;67(5):968-77.Texto completo  Resumo

55. LeBlanc S, Coulombe F, Bertrand OF, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a simple marker of high-risk atherosclerosis features associated with excess visceral adiposity/ectopic fat. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Apr 13;7(8):e008139.Texto completo  Resumo

56. Toth PP, Philip S, Hull M, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of peripheral arterial revascularization in high-risk statin-treated patients: a large administrative retrospective analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2019 Oct;42(10):908-13.Texto completo  Resumo

57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholesterol: ​testing for cholesterol. May 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

58. Patel SB, Belalcazar LM, Afreen S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology consensus statement: algorithm for management of adults with dyslipidemia - 2025 update. Endocr Pract. 2025 Oct;31(10):1207-38.Texto completo  Resumo

59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo

60. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-337.Texto completo

61. Patel SB, Wyne KL, Afreen S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline on pharmacologic management of adults with dyslipidemia. Endocr Pract. 2025 Feb;31(2):236-62.Texto completo  Resumo

62. Writing Committee, Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the Role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American college of cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 4;80(14):1366-1418.Texto completo  Resumo

63. Mach F, Koskinas KC, Roeters van Lennep JE, et al. 2025 focused update of the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Atherosclerosis. 2025 Oct;409:120479.Texto completo

64. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):11-22.Texto completo  Resumo

65. Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PWF, Harris WS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the management of hypertriglyceridemia: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019 Sep 17;140(12):e673-91.Texto completo  Resumo

66. Chaudhry R, Viljoen A, Wierzbicki AS. Pharmacological treatment options for severe hypertriglyceridemia and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;11(6):589-98. Resumo

67. Lazarte J, Hegele RA. Dyslipidemia management in adults with diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2020 Feb;44(1):53-60.Texto completo  Resumo

68. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Omega-3-acid ethyl ester medicines (Omacor/Teromeg 1000mg capsules): dose-dependent increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with established cardiovascular diseases or cardiovascular risk factors. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Texto completo

69. Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The roles of apoc-III on the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 28;11:474.Texto completo  Resumo

70. Hegele RA, Tsimikas S. Lipid-lowering agents. Circ Res. 2019 Feb;124(3):386-404.Texto completo  Resumo

71. Gouni-Berthold I, Alexander VJ, Yang Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of volanesorsen in patients with multifactorial chylomicronaemia (COMPASS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 May;9(5):264-75. Resumo

72. Witztum JL, Gaudet D, Freedman SD, et al. Volanesorsen and triglyceride levels in familial chylomicronemia syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):531-42.Texto completo  Resumo

73. Stroes ESG, Alexander VJ, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, et al. Olezarsen, acute pancreatitis, and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2024 May 16;390(19):1781-92. Resumo

74. Bergmark BA, Marston NA, Prohaska TA, et al. Olezarsen for hypertriglyceridemia in patients at high cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2024 May 16;390(19):1770-80. Resumo

75. Gaudet D, Pall D, Watts GF, et al. Plozasiran (ARO-APOC3) for severe hypertriglyceridemia: the SHASTA-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2024 Jul 1;9(7):620-30. Resumo

76. Ballantyne CM, Vasas S, Azizad M, et al. Plozasiran, an RNA interference agent targeting APOC3, for mixed hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2024 Sep 12;391(10):899-912. Resumo

77. Watts GF, Rosenson RS, Hegele RA, et al. Plozasiran for managing persistent chylomicronemia and pancreatitis risk. N Engl J Med. 2025 Jan 9;392(2):127-37. Resumo

78. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of ARO-APOC3 (plozasiran) in adults with familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) (PALISADE)​. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Texto completo

79. Nurmohamed NS, Dallinga-Thie GM, Stroes ESG. Targeting apoC-III and ANGPTL3 in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020 Jun;18(6):355-61.Texto completo  Resumo

80. Berberich AJ, Ziada A, Zou GY, et al. Conservative management in hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis. J Intern Med. 2019 Dec;286(6):644-50.Texto completo  Resumo

81. Rosenson RS, Gaudet D, Hegele RA, et al. Zodasiran, an RNAi therapeutic targeting ANGPTL3, for mixed hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2024 Sep 12;391(10):913-25. Resumo

82. Mozaffarian D, Maki KC, Bays HE, et al. Effectiveness of a novel ω-3 krill oil agent in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jan 4;5(1):e2141898.Texto completo  Resumo

83. Marston NA, Giugliano RP, Im K, et al. Association between triglyceride lowering and reduction of cardiovascular risk across multiple lipid-lowering therapeutic classes: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2019 Oct 15;140(16):1308-17.Texto completo  Resumo

84. Balling M, Afzal S, Davey Smith G, et al. Elevated LDL triglycerides and atherosclerotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jan 17;81(2):136-52.Texto completo  Resumo

85. Kaltoft M, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Triglycerides and remnant cholesterol associated with risk of aortic valve stenosis: Mendelian randomization in the Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jun 21;41(24):2288-99.Texto completo  Resumo

86. US Preventive Services Task Force. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: preventive medication. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Texto completo