International guidelines

Rest of the world

2024 American Heart Association and American Red Cross guidelines for first aid​​[34]

Published by:American Heart Association; American Red Cross

Last published:2024

Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the treatment of pitviper envenomations in the US and Canada​​[20]

Published by:Wilderness Medical Society

Last published:2015

Unified treatment algorithm for the management of crotaline snakebite in the United States: results of an evidence-informed consensus workshop[56]

Published by:Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center; Denver Health and Hospital Authority

Last published:2011

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