Summary
Definition
History and exam
Other diagnostic factors
- microaneurysms
- cotton wool spots
- intraretinal haemorrhage
- lipid exudates
- macular oedema
- venous beading
- intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
- optic disc neovascularisation
- retinal neovascularisation
- pre-retinal or vitreous haemorrhage
- retinal detachment
Risk factors
- longer duration of diabetes
- poor glycaemic control
- elevated lipid levels
- hypertension
- renal disease
- ethnicity
- pregnancy
- cataract surgery
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- optical coherence tomography
- fundus photography/wide-field fundus photography
Investigations to consider
- fluorescein angiography/wide-field fluorescein angiography
- optical coherence tomography angiography
- B-scan ultrasonography
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Corrina P. Azarcon, MD
Assistant Professor/Clinical
Department of Ophthalmology
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center
San Antonio
TX
Disclosures
CA declares that she is a faculty member (Retina Specialist) of the University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center.
Acknowledgements
Dr Corrina P. Azarcon would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Johnathan Dowler and Dr Robin Hamilton, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
RH declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Adrienne W Scott, MD
Chief
Wilmer Eye Institute
Bel Air
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
AWS has received grant support and consulting honoraria from Genentech/Roche. She has also received consulting honoraria from Allergan/AbbVie Inc., Novartis, Regeneron, Bausch and Lomb, and Alimera Sciences.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: diabetic retinopathy. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text
Wong TY, Sun J, Kawasaki R, et al. Guidelines on diabetic eye care: The International Council of Ophthalmology recommendations for screening, follow-up, referral, and treatment based on resource settings. Ophthalmology. 2018 Oct;125(10):1608-22.Full text Abstract
Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017 Mar;40(3):412-8.Full text Abstract
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice patterns: retina summary benchmarks. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available here.
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