Diabetic retinopathy

Case history

A 55-year-old Hispanic man with a 15-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus attends his optometrist with visual loss in his right eye, which cannot be corrected with eyeglasses. He is obese and hypertensive and has poor glycaemic control with an HbA1c of 82 mmol/mol (9.6%). Visual acuity is 20/100 right eye and 20/20 left eye. Retinal examination reveals microaneurysms, hard exudates, and thickening at the right macula, indicating right clinically significant macular oedema.