An estimated 64 million people have glaucoma worldwide, of whom approximately 11% have moderate-to-severe vision impairment or blindness.[2]Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2081-90.
https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(14)00433-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974815?tool=bestpractice.com
One systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of glaucoma reported an annual primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) cumulative incidence of 0.05%.[3]Shan S, Wu J, Cao J, et al. Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Glob Health. 2024 Nov 8;14:04252.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11544525
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39513294?tool=bestpractice.com
Using population-based studies, global pooled prevalence of PACG has been estimated at 0.6%.[4]Zhang N, Wang J, Chen B, et al. Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:624179.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7847989
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537335?tool=bestpractice.com
PACG is more likely to be associated with blindness than open-angle glaucoma.[4]Zhang N, Wang J, Chen B, et al. Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:624179.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7847989
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537335?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]George R, Panda S, Vijaya L. Blindness in glaucoma: primary open-angle glaucoma versus primary angle-closure glaucoma-a meta-analysis. Eye (Lond). 2022 Nov;36(11):2099-105.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9582001
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34645961?tool=bestpractice.com
An IRIS Registry (American Academy of Ophthalmology Intelligent Research in Sight) study reported that, among patients with newly diagnosed PACG (n=43,901), prevalence of any blindness and bilateral blindness were 11.5% and 1.8%, respectively.[6]Shah SN, Zhou S, Sanvicente C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of blindness among primary angle closure glaucoma patients in the United States: an IRIS registry analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2024 Mar;259:131-40.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10922147
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37944688?tool=bestpractice.com
Black and Hispanic patients were at higher risk of any blindness and bilateral blindness compared with non-Hispanic white patients.[6]Shah SN, Zhou S, Sanvicente C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of blindness among primary angle closure glaucoma patients in the United States: an IRIS registry analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2024 Mar;259:131-40.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10922147
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37944688?tool=bestpractice.com
ACG usually develops in individuals older than 50 years.[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: primary angle closure. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-angle-closure-disease-ppp
Women are at increased risk of developing ACG compared with men.[4]Zhang N, Wang J, Chen B, et al. Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:624179.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7847989
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537335?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Day AC, Baio G, Gazzard G, et al. The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in European derived populations: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 Sep;96(9):1162-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22653314?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Vajaranant TS, Nayak S, Wilensky JT, et al. Gender and glaucoma: what we know and what we need to know. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;21(2):91-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283360b7e
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051857?tool=bestpractice.com
The highest rates of ACG are reported in Asian and Inuit populations.[2]Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2081-90.
https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(14)00433-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974815?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Zhang N, Wang J, Chen B, et al. Prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:624179.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7847989
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537335?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Cheng JW, Cheng SW, Ma XY, et al. The prevalence of primary glaucoma in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glaucoma. 2013 Apr-May;22(4):301-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134352?tool=bestpractice.com