References

Key articles

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul;122(1):52-61.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul;122(1):52-61.Full text  Abstract

2. Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH. Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;30(2):287-302. Abstract

3. Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ. Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea: incidence and prevalence rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973 Sep 1;117(1):80-6. Abstract

4. Münster K, Helm P, Schmidt L. Secondary amenorrhoea: prevalence and medical contact--a cross-sectional study from a Danish county. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992 May;99(5):430-3. Abstract

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6. Stokić E, Srdić B, Barak O. Body mass index, body fat mass and the occurrence of amenorrhea in ballet dancers. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;20(4):195-9. Abstract

7. Bacchi E, Spiazzi G, Zendrini G, et al. Low body weight and menstrual dysfunction are common findings in both elite and amateur ballet dancers. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 May;36(5):343-6. Abstract

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9. Mörö S, Kosola S, Holopainen E. Girls referred for amenorrhea: analysis of a patient series from a specialist center. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1304277.Full text  Abstract

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12. Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 May 1;102(5):1413-39.Full text  Abstract

13. Bonazza F, Politi G, Leone D, et al. Psychological factors in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:981491.Full text  Abstract

14. Caronia LM, Martin C, Welt CK, et al. A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 20;364(3):215-25.Full text  Abstract

15. Nash Z, Davies M. Premature ovarian insufficiency. BMJ. 2024 Mar 20;384:e077469.

16. Verrilli L, Johnstone E, Welt C, et al. Primary ovarian insufficiency has strong familiality: results of a multigenerational genealogical study. Fertil Steril. 2023 Jan;119(1):128-34.Full text  Abstract

17. European Society of Human reproduction and Embryology. Guideline on premature ovarian insufficiency. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

18. Fenton AJ. Premature ovarian insufficiency: Pathogenesis and management. J Midlife Health. 2015 Oct-Dec;6(4):147-53.Full text  Abstract

19. Lee WL, Liu CH, Cheng M, et al. Focus on the primary prevention of intrauterine adhesions: current concept and vision. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 13;22(10):5175.Full text  Abstract

20. Böttcher B, Seeber B, Leyendecker G, et al. Impact of the opioid system on the reproductive axis. Fertil Steril. 2017 Aug;108(2):207-13.Full text  Abstract

21. Brenner SH, Lessing JB, Quagliarello J, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and associated pituitary prolactinomas. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:661-664. Abstract

22. Management of acute obstructive uterovaginal anomalies: ACOG Committee opinion, number 779. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jun;133(6):e363-71.Full text  Abstract

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26. Himel R, Keefe D. Evaluation and treatment of patients with hypothalamic hypogonadism. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2025 Jul;80(7):427-31. Abstract

27. Lim SS, Davies MJ, Norman RJ, et al. Overweight, obesity and central obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2012 Nov-Dec;18(6):618-37. Abstract

28. Azziz R, Carmina E, Chen Z, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Aug 11;2:16057. Abstract

29. Sharma ST, Nieman LK, Feelders RA. Cushing's syndrome: epidemiology and developments in disease management. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:281-93. Abstract

30. Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, et al. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2021 Feb 13;397(10274):613-29. Abstract

31. Brenner SH, Lessing JB, Quagliarello J, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and associated pituitary prolactinomas. Obstet Gynecol. 1985 May;65(5):661-4. Abstract

32. Groff TR, Shulkin BL, Utiger RD, et al. Amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and suprasellar pituitary enlargement as presenting features of primary hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1984 Mar;63(suppl 3):S86-9. Abstract

33. Committee opinion no. 605: primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;124(1):193-7.Full text  Abstract

34. Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Schulz KF, et al. Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD006033.Full text  Abstract

35. Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Chou S, et al. Narrative review: the role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:93-100.Full text  Abstract

36. Chou SH, Chamberland JP, Liu X, et al. Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 19;108(16):6585-90.Full text  Abstract

37. Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2010 Jul-Aug;16(4):347-63. Abstract

38. Nelson LM. Clinical practice. Primary ovarian insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5;360(6):606-14.Full text  Abstract

39. Bakalov VK, Vanderhoof VH, Bondy CA, et al. Adrenal antibodies detect asymptomatic auto-immune adrenal insufficiency in young women with spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod. 2002 Aug;17(8):2096-100. Abstract

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41. Gadelha M, Gatto F, Wildemberg LE, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2023 Dec 9;402(10418):2237-52. Abstract

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