References
Key articles
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
British Association of Sexual Health and HIV. BASHH national guideline on the management of sexually transmitted infections and related conditions in children and young people. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. World Health Organization. Understanding and addressing violence against women: sexual violence. 2012 [internet publication].Full text
2. World Health Organization. Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 Mar 1999, WHO, Geneva. 1999 [internet publication].Full text
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexual violence prevention: about sexual violence. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 report on intimate partner violence. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text
5. UNICEF. Action to end child sexual abuse and exploitation: a review of the evidence 2020. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
6. Stoltenborgh M, van Ijzendoorn MH, Euser EM, et al. A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreat. 2011 May;16(2):79-101. Abstract
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child abuse and neglect prevention: about child sexual abuse. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
8. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner HA, et al. The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence. J Adolesc Health. 2014 Sep;55(3):329-33.Full text Abstract
9. Gewirtz-Meydan A, Finkelhor D. Sexual abuse and assault in a large national sample of children and adolescents. Child Maltreat. 2020 May;25(2):203-14. Abstract
10. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Colburn D. The prevalence of child sexual abuse with online sexual abuse added. Child Abuse Negl. 2024 Mar;149:106634. Abstract
11. NSPCC Learning. Child sexual abuse: statistics briefing. Jan 2025 [internet publication].Full text
12. Ethical Research Involving Children (ERIC). Child abuse and neglect in the UK today. 2011 [internet publication].Full text
13. UNICEF. A new era for girls: taking stock of 25 years of progress. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text
14. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 777: sexual assault. Apr 2019 [internet publication].Full text
15. Chen LP, Murad MH, Paras ML, et al. Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jul;85(7):618-29. Abstract
16. World Health Organization. Clinical management of rape and intimate partner violence survivors: developing protocols for use in humanitarian settings. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
17. Independent Inquiry Child Sexual Abuse. The impacts of child sexual abuse: a rapid evidence assessment. Jul 2017 [internet publication].Full text
18. Walker-Descartes I, Hopgood G, Condado LV, et al. Sexual violence against children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2021 Apr;68(2):427-36. Abstract
19. Assink M, van der Put CE, Meeuwsen MWCM, et al. Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2019 May;145(5):459-89. Abstract
20. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998 May;14(4):245-58.Full text Abstract
21. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, et al. Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: implications for health and social services. Violence Vict. 2002 Feb;17(1):3-17. Abstract
22. Stith SM, Liu T, Davies LC, et al. Risk factors in child maltreatment: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Aggression and violent behavior. 2009 Jan 1;14(1):13-29.
23. Mueller-Johnson K, Eisner MP, Obsuth I. Sexual victimization of youth with a physical disability: an examination of prevalence rates, and risk and protective factors. J Interpers Violence. 2014 Nov;29(17):3180-206. Abstract
24. Christoffersen MN. Sexual crime against schoolchildren with disabilities: a nationwide prospective birth cohort study. J Interpers Violence. 2022 Feb;37(3-4):NP2177-205. Abstract
25. Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, et al. Risk factors for sexual victimization among male and female homeless and runaway youth. J Interpers Violence. 2004 May;19(5):503-20. Abstract
26. Malloy LC, Sutherland JE, Cauffman E. Sexual abuse disclosure among incarcerated female adolescents and young adults. Child Abuse Negl. 2021 Jun;116(Pt 1):104147.Full text Abstract
27. Connor J, You R, Casswell S. Alcohol-related harm to others: a survey of physical and sexual assault in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2009 Sep 25;122(1303):10-20. Abstract
28. Littleton H, Grills-Taquechel A, Axsom D. Impaired and incapacitated rape victims: assault characteristics and post-assault experiences. Violence Vict. 2009;24(4):439-57. Abstract
29. Marc B. Current clinical aspects of drug-facilitated sexual assaults in sexually abused victims examined in a forensic emergency unit. Ther Drug Monit. 2008 Apr;30(2):218-24. Abstract
30. Davis MK, Gidycz CA. Child sexual abuse prevention programs: a meta-analysis. J Clin Child Psychol. 2000 Jun;29(2):257-65. Abstract
31. Bolan RM. Child sexual abuse: prevention or promotion. Social Work. 2003 Apr;48(2):174-85.
32. Mikton C, Butchart A. Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 May;87(5):353-61.Full text Abstract
33. Walsh K, Zwi K, Woolfenden S, et al. School-based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 16;(4):CD004380.Full text Abstract
34. Finkelhor D. The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. Future Child. 2009 Fall;19(2):169-94. Abstract
35. Wacker J, Macy R, Barger E, et al. Sexual assault prevention for women with intellectual disabilities: a critical review of the evidence. Intellect Dev Disabil. 2009 Aug;47(4):249-62. Abstract
36. Bair-Merritt MH, Jennings JM, Chen R, et al. Reducing maternal intimate partner violence after the birth of a child: a randomized controlled trial of the Hawaii Healthy Start Home Visitation Program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Jan;164(1):16-23.Full text Abstract
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Violence prevention: prevention resources for action. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
38. Jina R, Jewkes R, Munjanja SP, et al; FIGO Working Group. Report of the FIGO Working Group on Sexual Violence/HIV: guidelines for the management of female survivors of sexual assault. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010 May;109(2):85-92. Abstract
39. Kellogg ND; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report: the evaluation of sexual behaviors in children. Pediatrics. 2009 Sep;124(3):992-8.Full text Abstract
40. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child abuse and neglect. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text
41. Jenny C, Crawford-Jakubiak JE; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected. Pediatrics. 2013 Aug;132(2):e558-67.Full text Abstract
42. Greenbaum J, Crawford-Jakubiak JE; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: health care needs of victims. Pediatrics. 2015 Mar;135(3):566-74.Full text Abstract
43. Marsac ML, Kassam-Adams N, Hildenbrand AK, et al. Implementing a trauma-informed approach in pediatric health care networks. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Jan;170(1):70-7.Full text Abstract
44. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA's concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach. Jul 2014 [internet publication].Full text
45. Kellogg ND, Menard SW, Santos A. Genital anatomy in pregnant adolescents: "normal" doesn't mean "nothing happened". Pediatrics. 2004 Jan;113(1 Pt 1):e67-9.Full text Abstract
46. Adams JA, Harper K, Knudson S, et al. Examination findings in legally confirmed child sexual abuse: it's normal to be normal. Pediatrics. 1994 Sep;94(3):310-7. Abstract
47. Heger AH, Ticson L, Guerra L, et al. Appearance of the genitalia in girls selected for nonabuse: review of hymenal morphology and nonspecific findings. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2002 Feb;15(1):27-35. Abstract
48. White C, McLean I. Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006 May;13(4):172-80. Abstract
49. Sugar NF, Fine DN, Eckert LO. Physical injury after sexual assault: findings of a large case series. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jan;190(1):71-6. Abstract
50. Muram D, Miller K, Cutler A. Sexual assault of the elderly victim. J Interpers Violence. 1992;7(1):70-6.
51. Song SH, Fernandes JR. Comparison of injury patterns in consensual and nonconsensual sex: is it possible to determine if consent was given? Acad Forensic Pathol. 2017 Dec;7(4):619-31.Full text Abstract
52. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
53. British Association of Sexual Health and HIV. BASHH national guideline on the management of sexually transmitted infections and related conditions in children and young people. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
54. Kellogg ND, Melville JD, Lukefahr JL, et al. Genital and extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia in children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Nov;34(11):761-6. Abstract
55. Nasrazadani A, Ruda M, Girardet R, et al. Gonorrheal and chlamydia yield for genital and extragenital testing in children evaluated for sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2024 Jan;147:106525. Abstract
56. Kellogg ND, Farst KJ, Adams JA. Interpretation of medical findings in suspected child sexual abuse: an update for 2023. Child Abuse Negl. 2023 Nov;145:106283. Abstract
57. Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians. Recommendations for the collection of forensic specimens from complainants and suspects. Jan 2025 [internet publication].Full text
58. Fischer GO. Vulval disease in pre-pubertal girls. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):225-34. Abstract
59. Brown MR, Cartwright PC, Snow BW. Common office problems in pediatric urology and gynecology. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997 Oct;44(5):1091-115. Abstract
60. Stricker T, Navratil F, Sennhauser FH. Vaginal foreign bodies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004 Apr;40(4):205-7. Abstract
61. World Health Organization. Health care for women subjected to intimate partner violence or sexual violence: a clinical handbook. Nov 2014 [internet publication].Full text
62. US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry SJ, Krist AH, et al. Screening for intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: US Preventive Services Task Force final recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Oct 23;320(16):1678-87.Full text Abstract
63. Thackeray J, Livingston N, Ragavan MI, et al. Intimate partner violence: role of the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 2023 Jul 1;152(1):e2023062509.Full text Abstract
64. CommonSpirit Health, HEAL Trafficking, Pacific Survivor Center. PEARR tool: trauma-informed approach to victim assistance in health care settings. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
65. International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Manual for administration: the ISPCAN child abuse screening tool (ICAST). Aug 2015 [internet publication].Full text
66. Brown SJ, Carter GJ, Halliwell G, et al. Survivor, family and professional experiences of psychosocial interventions for sexual abuse and violence: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Oct 4;10(10):CD013648.Full text Abstract
67. O'Doherty L, Whelan M, Carter GJ, et al. Psychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 5;10(10):CD013456.Full text Abstract
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV: United States, 2016. Apr 2016 [internet publication].Full text
69. British HIV Association. UK guideline for the use of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
70. Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018 Jan 12;67(1):1-31.Full text Abstract
71. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Aug 29;63(RR-05):1-30.Full text Abstract
72. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Clinical guidance: emergency contraception. Dec 2017, amended December 2020 [internet publication].Full text
73. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 152: emergency contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Sep;126(3):e1-11. Abstract
74. FSRH guideline (April 2019) overweight, obesity and contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019 Apr;45(Suppl 2):1-69.Full text
75. World Health Organization. Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. 2013 [internet publication].Full text
76. Hailes HP, Yu R, Danese A, et al. Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Oct;6(10):830-9.Full text Abstract
77. Stock JL, Bell MA, Boyer DK, et al. Adolescent pregnancy and sexual risk-taking among sexually abused girls. Fam Plann Perspect. 1997 Sep-Oct;29(5):200-3, 227.Full text Abstract
79. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text
80. Kendall-Tackett KA, Williams LM, Finkelhor D. Impact of sexual abuse on children: a review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychol Bull. 1993 Jan;113(1):164-80. Abstract
81. Lloyd S, Operario D. HIV risk among men who have sex with men who have experienced childhood sexual abuse: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Educ Prev. 2012 Jun;24(3):228-41.Full text Abstract
82. Arriola KR, Louden T, Doldren MA, et al. A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to HIV risk behavior among women. Child Abuse Negl. 2005 Jun;29(6):725-46. Abstract
83. Taylor JE, Harvey ST. Effects of psychotherapy with people who have been sexually assaulted: a meta-analysis. Aggress Violent Behav. 2009;14(5):273-85.
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer