References

Key articles

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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9. Trinka E, Höfler J, Zerbs A. Causes of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2012 Sep;53 Suppl 4:127-38.Full text  Abstract

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20. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Aug;17(1):3-23. Abstract

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29. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults: a national clinical guideline. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

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31. Cengiz O, Jungilligens J, Michaelis R, et al. Dissociative seizures in the emergency room: room for improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2024 Mar 13;95(4):294-9.Full text  Abstract

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34. Chamberlain JM, Kapur J, Shinnar S, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020 Apr 11;395(10231):1217-24.Full text  Abstract

35. Nelson SE, Varelas PN. Status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, and super-refractory status epilepticus. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018 Dec;24(6):1683-07. Abstract

36. Cock HR, Edwards MJ. Functional neurological disorders: acute presentations and management. Clin Med (Lond). 2018 Oct;18(5):414-7.Full text  Abstract

37. Pellock JM. Overview: definitions and classifications of seizure emergencies. J Child Neurol. 2007 May;22(5 suppl):S9-S13. Abstract

38. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

39. Shorvon S. The management of status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;70 suppl 2(suppl 2):II22-7.Full text  Abstract

40. Billington M, Kandalaft OR, Aisiku IP. Adult status epilepticus: a review of the prehospital and emergency department management. J Clin Med. 2016 Aug 23;5(9):74Full text  Abstract

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42. Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, et al. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 10;(9):CD003723.Full text  Abstract

43. Lyttle MD, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2019 May 25;393(10186):2125-34.Full text  Abstract

44. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: updated advice following comprehensive safety review. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

45. Pack AM, Oskoui M, Williams Roberson S, et al. Teratogenesis, perinatal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero exposure to antiseizure medication: practice guideline from the AAN, AES, and SMFM. Neurology. 2024 Jun;102(11):e209279.Full text  Abstract

46. Battino D, Tomson T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol. 2024 May 1;81(5):481-9.Full text  Abstract

47. Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, et al. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 29;8(8):CD010224.Full text  Abstract

48. Epilepsy Action. What to do when someone has a seizure. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults: diagnosis and management. [9] Evidence review: antiseizure medication for status epilepticus. NICE guideline NG217. Evidence reviews underpinning recommendations 7.1.1 - 7.1.12 the NICE guideline. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

50. Towne AR, Garnett LK, Waterhouse EJ, et al. The use of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2003 Jan 28;60(2):332-4. Abstract

51. Welling LC, Rabelo NN, Yoshikawa MH, et al. Efficacy of topiramate as an add-on therapy in patients with refractory status epilepticus: a short systematic review. [in por]. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2021;33(3):440-4.Full text  Abstract

52. Inokuchi R, Ohashi-Fukuda N, Nakamura K, et al. Comparison of intranasal and intravenous diazepam on status epilepticus in stroke patients: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Feb;94(7):e555.Full text  Abstract

53. Pieribone VA, Tsai J, Soufflet C, et al. Clinical evaluation of ganaxolone in pediatric and adolescent patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007 Oct;48(10):1870-4.Full text  Abstract

54. Vaitkevicius H, Ramsay RE, Swisher CB, et al. Intravenous ganaxolone for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: results from an open-label, dose-finding, phase 2 trial. Epilepsia. 2022 Sep;63(9):2381-91.Full text  Abstract

55. Rosenthal ES, Claassen J, Wainwright MS, et al. Brexanolone as adjunctive therapy in super-refractory status epilepticus. Ann Neurol. 2017 Sep;82(3):342-52.Full text  Abstract

56. Lee K, Klein P, Dongre P, et al. Intravenous brivaracetam in the management of acute seizures in the hospital setting: a scoping review. J Intensive Care Med. 2022 Sep;37(9):1133-45.Full text  Abstract

57. Klein P, Schiemann J, Sperling MR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2015 Dec;56(12):1890-8.Full text  Abstract

58. Ryvlin P, Werhahn KJ, Blaszczyk B, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam in adults with uncontrolled focal epilepsy: results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014 Jan;55(1):47-56.Full text  Abstract

59. Biton V, Berkovic SF, Abou-Khalil B, et al. Brivaracetam as adjunctive treatment for uncontrolled partial epilepsy in adults: a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014 Jan;55(1):57-66.Full text  Abstract

60. Szaflarski JP, Sadek A, Greve B, et al. Randomized open-label trial of intravenous brivaracetam versus lorazepam for acute treatment of increased seizure activity. Epilepsy Behav. 2020 Aug;109:107127.Full text  Abstract

61. Orlandi N, Bartolini E, Audenino D, et al. Intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: a multicentric retrospective study in Italy. Seizure. 2021 Mar;86:70-6.Full text  Abstract

62. Lattanzi S, Chiesa V, Di Gennaro G, et al. Brivaracetam use in clinical practice: a Delphi consensus on its role as first add-on therapy in focal epilepsy and beyond. Neurol Sci. 2024 Sep;45(9):4519-27.Full text  Abstract

63. Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, et al. Incidence of status epilepticus in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965-1984. Neurology. 1998 Mar;50(3):735-41. Abstract

64. Betjemann JP, Lowenstein DH. Status epilepticus in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Jun;14(6):615-24. Abstract

65. Koubeissi M, Alshekhlee A. In-hospital mortality of generalized convulsive status epilepticus: a large US sample. Neurology. 2007 Aug 28;69(9):886-93. Abstract

66. Shorvon S, Sen A. What is status epilepticus and what do we know about its epidemiology? Seizure. 2020 Feb;75:131-6.Full text  Abstract

67. Neligan A, Shorvon SD. Frequency and prognosis of convulsive status epilepticus of different causes: a systematic review. Arch Neurol. 2010 Aug;67(8):931-40. Abstract

68. Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain. 2011 Oct;134(pt 10):2802-18. Abstract

69. Cornwall CD, Krøigård T, Kristensen JSS, et al. Outcomes and treatment approaches for super-refractory status epilepticus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2023 Jul 31;80(9):959-68.Full text  Abstract

70. Migdady I, Rosenthal ES, Cock HR. Management of status epilepticus: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2022 Jan;77 suppl 1:78-91. Abstract

71. Yaffe K, Lowenstein DH. Prognostic factors of pentobarbital therapy for refractory generalized status epilepticus. Neurology. 1993 May;43(5):895-900. Abstract

72. Neville BG, Chin RF, Scott RC. Childhood convulsive status epilepticus: epidemiology, management and outcome. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2007;186:21-4. Abstract

73. Jambaque I, Hertz-Pannier L, Mikaeloff Y, et al. Severe memory impairment in a child with bihippocampal injury after status epilepticus. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Mar;48(3):223-6.Full text  Abstract

74. Hawkes MA, Hocker SE. Systemic complications following status epilepticus. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018 Feb 7;18(2):7.Full text  Abstract

75. Hocker S, Nagarajan E, Rabinstein AA, et al. Progressive brain atrophy in super-refractory status epilepticus. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Oct 1;73(10):1201-7.Full text  Abstract

76. Gramstad A, Power KN, Engelsen BA. Neuropsychological performance 1 year after status epilepticus in adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2021 Apr 21;36(3):329-38. Abstract

77. Rodrigo-Gisbert M, Gómez-Dabó L, Quintana M, et al. Prediction of long-term unprovoked seizures after status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2023 Sep;64(9):2399-408. Abstract

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