References

Key articles

Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-228.Full text  Abstract

Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-826.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-228.Full text  Abstract

2. Antman E, Bassand JP, Klein W, et al. Myocardial infarction redefined - a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Sep;36(3):959-69.Full text  Abstract

3. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 30;72(18):2231-64.Full text  Abstract

4. Alpert JS, Thygesen KA, White HD, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of type 2 myocardial infarction: review and commentary. Am J Med. 2014 Feb;127(2):105-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-826.Full text  Abstract

6. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

7. Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, et al. European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J. 2022 Feb 22;43(8):716-99.Full text  Abstract

8. Cheema KM, Dicks E, Pearson J, et al. Long-term trends in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the UK: insights from the British Heart Foundation statistical compendium. Cardiovasc Res. 2022 Jul 27;118(10):2267-80.Full text  Abstract

9. National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR). Myocardial ischaemia national audit project (MINAP) (heart attack). 2024 [internet publication].Full text

10. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Feb 21;147(8):e93-621.Full text  Abstract

11. Neumann JT, Goßling A, Sörensen NA, et al. Temporal trends in incidence and outcome of acute coronary syndrome. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020 Sep;109(9):1186-92. Abstract

12. National Cardiac Audit Programme. Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP). 2024 [internet publication].Full text

13. Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, et al. Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(2):131-8. Abstract

14. Sheridan PJ, Crossman DC. Critical review of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J. 2002 Dec;78(926):717-26. Abstract

15. Wang TY, Zhang M, Fu Y, et al. Incidence, distribution, and prognostic impact of occluded culprit arteries among patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing diagnostic angiography. Am Heart J. 2009 Apr;157(4):716-23. Abstract

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fact sheet: health effects of cigarette smoking. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text

17. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1223-49.Full text  Abstract

18. Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, et al. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3866-76.Full text  Abstract

19. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation. 2005 May 24;111(20):2684-98.Full text  Abstract

20. Willett J, Achenbach S, Pinto FJ, et al. The tobacco endgame-eradicating a worsening epidemic: a joint opinion from the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation. 2021 Jul 6;144(1):e1-5.Full text

21. Willett J, Achenbach S, Pinto FJ, et al. The tobacco endgame: eradicating a worsening epidemic a joint opinion from the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Jul 6;78(1):77-81.Full text

22. Wu AD, Lindson N, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. Smoking cessation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Aug 8;(8):CD014936.Full text  Abstract

23. Wong ND, Cupples LA, Ostfeld AM, et al. Risk factors for long-term coronary prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Sep;130(3):469-80. Abstract

24. Connolly DC, Elveback LR, Oxman HA. Coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester, Minnesota, 1950-1975. III. Effect of hypertension and its treatment on survival of patients with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1983 Apr;58(4):249-54. Abstract

25. Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):4043-140.Full text  Abstract

26. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2024. 2024 Jan;47(suppl 1):S1-313.Full text

27. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Overweight or obese population. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

28. Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Cobain M, et al. Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Oct 4;143(7):473-80. Abstract

29. Freitas Lima LC, Braga VA, do Socorro de França Silva M, et al. Adipokines, diabetes and atherosclerosis: an inflammatory association. Front Physiol. 2015 Nov 3:6:304.Full text  Abstract

30. Messerli FH, Sundgaard-Riise K, Reisin ED, et al. Dimorphic cardiac adaptation to obesity and arterial hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Dec;99(6):757-61. Abstract

31. Rayner JJ, Banerjee R, Holloway CJ, et al. The relative contribution of metabolic and structural abnormalities to diastolic dysfunction in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018 Mar;42(3):441-7.Full text  Abstract

32. Guembe MJ, Fernandez-Lazaro CI, Sayon-Orea C, et al. Risk for cardiovascular disease associated with metabolic syndrome and its components: a 13-year prospective study in the RIVANA cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 Nov 22;19(1):195.Full text  Abstract

33. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 May 25;143(21):e984-1010.Full text  Abstract

34. Moussa O, Ardissino M, Heaton T, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on long-term cardiovascular outcomes: a nationwide nested cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jul 21;41(28):2660-7.Full text  Abstract

35. Franklin BA, Thompson PD, Al-Zaiti SS, et al. Exercise-related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term exercise training: placing the risks into perspective-an update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Mar 31;141(13):e705-36.Full text  Abstract

36. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Aug;39(8):1423-34.Full text  Abstract

37. Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI. Effects of exercise to improve cardiovascular health. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Jun 4:6:69.Full text  Abstract

38. Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018 Sep 28:5:135.Full text  Abstract

39. Bakker EA, Lee DC, Hopman MTE, et al. Dose-response association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and incident morbidity and mortality for individuals with a different cardiovascular health status: a cohort study among 142,493 adults from the Netherlands. PLoS Med. 2021 Dec;18(12):e1003845.Full text  Abstract

40. Kang DS, Sung JH, Kim D, et al. Association between exercise habit changes and mortality following a cardiovascular event. Heart. 2022 Nov 24;108(24):1945-51.Full text  Abstract

41. Balling M, Afzal S, Davey Smith G, et al. Elevated LDL triglycerides and atherosclerotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jan 17;81(2):136-52.Full text  Abstract

42. Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016 Sep 27;316(12):1289-97.Full text  Abstract

43. El Khoudary SR, Chen X, Nasr AN, et al. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) subclasses, lipid content, and function trajectories across the menopause transition: SWAN-HDL study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Feb;41(2):951-61.Full text  Abstract

44. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Aug;24(8):e149-61.Full text  Abstract

45. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97.Full text  Abstract

46. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Full text  Abstract

47. Fox CS, Muntner P, Chen AY, et al; Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry. Use of evidence-based therapies in short-term outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients with chronic kidney disease: a report from the National Cardiovascular Data Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry. Circulation. 2010 Jan 26;121(3):357-65.Full text  Abstract

48. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23;351(13):1296-305.Full text  Abstract

49. Strong JP, Malcolm GT, McMahan CA, et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999 Feb 24;281(8):727-35.Full text  Abstract

50. Eisen A, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, et al. Angina and future cardiovascular events in stable patients with coronary artery disease: insights from the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Sep 28;5(10):e004080.Full text  Abstract

51. Vikulova DN, Grubisic M, Zhao Y, et al. Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: trends in incidence, risk factors, and sex-related differences, 2000 to 2016. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jul 16;8(14):e012178.Full text  Abstract

52. Montalescot G, Dallongeville J, Van Belle E, et al. STEMI and NSTEMI: are they so different? 1 year outcomes in acute myocardial infarction as defined by the ESC/ACC definition (the OPERA registry). Eur Heart J. 2007 Jun;28(12):1409-17.Full text  Abstract

53. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Guterman LR, et al. Cocaine use and the likelihood of nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2001 Jan 30;103(4):502-6.Full text  Abstract

54. Havakuk O, Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. The cardiovascular effects of cocaine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 4;70(1):101-13.Full text  Abstract

55. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al; INTERHEART investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17;364(9438):953-62. Abstract

56. Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee of the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 Mar 25;129(12):1350-69.Full text  Abstract

57. Wang X, Ouyang Y, Wang Z, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Nov 5;169(3):207-14.Full text  Abstract

58. Yang SH, Xing YS, Wang ZX, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with the risk of repeat adverse cardiovascular events in patients with newly diagnosed acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021 May;100(4):260-70.Full text  Abstract

59. Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-67.Full text  Abstract

60. Landesberg G, Beattie WS, Mosseri M, et al. Perioperative myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009 Jun 9;119(22):2936-44.Full text  Abstract

61. Puelacher C, Gualandro DM, Glarner N, et al. Long-term outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction/injury after non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2023 May 14;44(19):1690-701.Full text  Abstract

62. Kalkman DN, Couturier EGM, El Bouziani A, et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: what cardiologists should know. Eur Heart J. 2023 Aug 7;44(30):2815-28.Full text  Abstract

63. O'Kelly AC, Michos ED, Shufelt CL, et al. Pregnancy and reproductive risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. Circ Res. 2022 Feb 18;130(4):652-72.Full text  Abstract

64. Sheidu MO, Agarwala A, Lakshmanan S, et al. Management of pregnancy-related disorders to prevent future risk of coronary artery disease. Heart. 2024 Dec 23;111(2):83-92.Full text

65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

66. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-37.Full text  Abstract

67. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Sep 10;140(11):e596-646.Full text

68. Otsuka F, Sakakura K, Yahagi K, et al. Has our understanding of calcification in human coronary atherosclerosis progressed? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Apr;34(4):724-36.Full text  Abstract

69. Parsons RE, Liu X, Collister JA, et al. Independent external validation of the QRISK3 cardiovascular disease risk prediction model using UK Biobank. Heart. 2023 Oct 26;109(22):1690-7.Full text  Abstract

70. Department of Health and Social Care. Physical activity guidelines: adults and older adults. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

71. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text

72. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

73. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 4: Coronary angiography and PCI for adults with NSTEMI or unstable angina who are clinically unstable. NICE quality standard QS68 quality statement. November 2020 [internet publication].Full text

74. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text

75. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. High-sensitivity troponin tests for the early rule out of NSTEMI. August 2020 [internet publication].Full text

76. Mannsverk J, Wilsgaard T, Mathiesen EB, et al. Trends in modifiable risk factors are associated with declining incidence of hospitalized and nonhospitalized acute coronary heart disease in a population. Circulation. 2016 Jan 5;133(1):74-81.Full text  Abstract

77. Gokhroo RK, Ranwa BL, Kishor K, et al. Sweating: a specific predictor of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction among the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome: Sweating In Myocardial Infarction (SWIMI) Study Group. Clin Cardiol. 2016 Feb;39(2):90-5.Full text  Abstract

78. Writing Committee, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the evaluation and disposition of acute chest pain in the emergency department: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Nov 15;80(20):1925-60.Full text  Abstract

79. Stoyanov KM, Hund H, Biener M, et al. RAPID-CPU: a prospective study on implementation of the ESC 0/1-hour algorithm and safety of discharge after rule-out of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020 Feb;9(1):39-51.Full text  Abstract

80. Chapman AR, Fujisawa T, Lee KK, et al. Novel high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2019 Apr;105(8):616-22.Full text  Abstract

81. Chew DP, Lambrakis K, Blyth A, et al. A randomized trial of a 1-hour troponin T protocol in suspected acute coronary syndromes: the rapid assessment of possible acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with high-sensitivity troponin T study (RAPID-TnT). Circulation. 2019 Nov 5;140(19):1543-56.Full text  Abstract

82. Twerenbold R, Neumann JT, Sörensen NA, et al. Prospective Validation of the 0/1-h Algorithm for Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Aug 7;72(6):620-32.Full text  Abstract

83. Badertscher P, Boeddinghaus J, Twerenbold R, et al. Direct comparison of the 0/1h and 0/3h algorithms for early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2018 Jun 5;137(23):2536-8.Full text  Abstract

84. Chapman AR, Anand A, Boeddinghaus J, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of early rule-out pathways for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2017 Apr 25;135(17):1586-96.Full text  Abstract

85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. High sensitivity troponin assays for the early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction in people with acute chest pain: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. NICE guideline DG40 diagnostic assessment report. February 2020 [internet publication].Full text

86. Steeds RP, Garbi M, Cardim N, et al. EACVI appropriateness criteria for the use of transthoracic echocardiography in adults: a report of literature and current practice review. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017 Nov 1;18(11):1191-204.Full text  Abstract

87. Edvardsen T, Asch FM, Davidson B, et al. Non-invasive imaging in coronary syndromes: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography, in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022 Jan 24;23(2):e6-33.Full text

88. Loutfi M, Ashour S, El-Sharkawy E, et al. Identification of high-risk patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction using strain doppler echocardiography: correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2016 May 10:10:51-9.Full text  Abstract

89. Kite TA, Kurmani SA, Bountziouka V, et al. Timing of invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 2022 Sep 1;43(33):3148-61.Full text  Abstract

90. Kotanidis CP, Mills GB, Bendz B, et al. Invasive vs. conservative management of older patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2024 Jun 14;45(23):2052-62.Full text  Abstract

91. European Society of Cardiology. SENIOR-RITA trial investigates the use of an invasive strategy to treat older patients after a NSTEMI. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

92. Yan AT, Jong P, Yan RT, et al. Clinical trial-derived risk model may not generalize to real-world patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J. 2004 Dec;148(6):1020-7. Abstract

93. Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, et al. Risk scores for risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes: useful but simpler is not necessarily better. Eur Heart J. 2007 May;28(9):1072-8.Full text  Abstract

94. Singh M, Reeder GS, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Scores for post-myocardial infarction risk stratification in the community. Circulation. 2002 Oct 29;106(18):2309-14.Full text  Abstract

95. Gale CP, Manda SO, Weston CF, et al. Evaluation of risk scores for risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes in the Myocardial Infarction National Audit Project (MINAP) database. Heart. 2009 Mar;95(3):221-7. Abstract

96. Aragam KG, Tamhane UU, Kline-Rogers E, et al. Does simplicity compromise accuracy in ACS risk prediction? A retrospective analysis of the TIMI and GRACE risk scores. PLoS One. 2009 Nov 23;4(11):e7947.Full text  Abstract

97. D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, et al. TIMI, GRACE and alternative risk scores in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of 40 derivation studies on 216,552 patients and of 42 validation studies on 31,625 patients. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012 May;33(3):507-14. Abstract

98. Bing R, Goodman SG, Yan AT, et al. Use of clinical risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the CONCORDANCE registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2018 Oct 1;4(4):309-17.Full text  Abstract

99. Chew DP, Junbo G, Parsonage W, et al. Perceived risk of ischemic and bleeding events in acute coronary syndromes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013 May 1;6(3):299-308.Full text  Abstract

100. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, et al. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 21;360(21):2165-75.Full text  Abstract

101. Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, et al. 5-year outcomes in the FRISC-II randomised trial of an invasive versus a non-invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a follow-up study. Lancet. 2006 Sep 16;368(9540):998-1004. Abstract

102. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, et al. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet. 2002 Sep 7;360(9335):743-51. Abstract

103. Kofoed KF, Kelbæk H, Hansen PR, et al. Early versus standard care invasive examination and treatment of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2018 Dec 11;138(24):2741-50.Full text  Abstract

104. Chew DP, Astley CM, Luker H, et al. A cluster randomized trial of objective risk assessment versus standard care for acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the Australian GRACE Risk score Intervention Study (AGRIS). Am Heart J. 2015 Nov;170(5):995-1004.e1. Abstract

105. American College of Cardiology. AGRIS study assesses benefits of objective risk scores in treating high-risk ACS patients. August 2019 [internet publication].Full text

106. Gale CP, Stocken DD, Aktaa S, et al. Effectiveness of GRACE risk score in patients admitted to hospital with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (UKGRIS): parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2023 Jun 14;381:e073843.Full text  Abstract

107. Edhouse J, Brady WJ, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography: acute myocardial infarction-part II. BMJ. 2002 Apr 20;324(7343):963-6.Full text

108. Mujica VR, Jeffrey C. When it's hard to swallow. What to look for in patients with dysphagia. Postgrad Med J. 1999 Jun;105(7):131-45. Abstract

109. Indar AA, Beckingham IJ. Acute cholecystitis. BMJ. 2002 Sep 21;325(7365):639-43.Full text  Abstract

110. Rigger W, Mai R, Maddux PT, et al. Esophageal rupture presenting with ST segment elevation and junctional rhythm mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Case Rep Crit Care. 2021 Nov 18;2021:8843477.Full text  Abstract

111. Shemesh A, Taub CC. Inferolateral ST-segment elevation in Boerhaave syndrome. Am J Med. 2016 Mar;129(3):e27-8.Full text  Abstract

112. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):835-42.Full text  Abstract

113. Dawson LP, Chen D, Dagan M, et al. Assessment of pretreatment with oral P2Y12 inhibitors and cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 1;4(11):e2134322.Full text  Abstract

114. Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S, et al. Air versus oxygen in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2015 Jun 16;131(24):2143-50.Full text  Abstract

115. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text  Abstract

116. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

117. Scottish Intercollegiate Guildelines Network. Acute coronary syndrome. April 2016 [internet publication].Full text

118. Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, et al. Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 19;(12):CD007160.Full text  Abstract

119. Abuzaid A, Fabrizio C, Felpel K, et al. Oxygen therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2018 Jun;131(6):693-701.Full text  Abstract

120. Heidari F, Rahzani K, Iranpoor D, et al. The effect of oxygen on the outcomes of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine. 2017 March;14:67-71.Full text

121. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text

122. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary: glyceryl trinitrate. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

123. Bounes V, Charriton-Dadone B, Levraut J, et al. Predicting morphine related side effects in the ED: an international cohort study. Am J Emerg Med. 2017 Apr;35(4):531-5. Abstract

124. Bikdeli B, Erlinge D, Valgimigli M, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin during PCI in NSTEMI: individual patient data meta-analysis of large randomized trials. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):1207-19.Full text  Abstract

125. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 7;372(19):1791-800.Full text  Abstract

126. Valgimigli M, Gragnano F, Branca M, et al. P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy or dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary revascularisation: individual patient level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2021 Jun 16;373:n1332.Full text  Abstract

127. Wu J, Hall AS, Gale CP, et al. Long-term survival benefit of ramipril in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure. Heart. 2021 Mar;107(5):389-95.Full text  Abstract

128. Safi S, Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, et al. Beta-blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 17;12:CD012484.Full text  Abstract

129. Kim J, Kang D, Park H, et al. Long-term β-blocker therapy and clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure: nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020 Oct 1;41(37):3521-9.Full text  Abstract

130. Safi S, Sethi NJ, Korang SK, et al. Beta-blockers in patients without heart failure after myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 5;(11):CD012565.Full text  Abstract

131. Peck KY, Andrianopoulos N, Dinh D, et al. Role of beta blockers following percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2021 May;107(9):728-33. Abstract

132. Schubert J, Lindahl B, Melhus H, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and statin intensity in myocardial infarction patients and major adverse outcomes: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2021 Jan 20;42(3):243-52.Full text  Abstract

133. Brown R, Lewsey J, Wild S, et al. Associations of statin adherence and lipid targets with adverse outcomes in myocardial infarction survivors: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021 Sep 27;11(9):e054893.Full text  Abstract

134. Szarek M, Bittner VA, Aylward P, et al. Lipoprotein(a) lowering by alirocumab reduces the total burden of cardiovascular events independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial. Eur Heart J. 2020 Nov 21;41(44):4245-55.Full text  Abstract

135. Oyama K, Giugliano RP, Tang M, et al. Effect of evolocumab on acute arterial events across all vascular territories: results from the FOURIER trial. Eur Heart J. 2021 Dec 14;42(47):4821-9.Full text  Abstract

136. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text  Abstract

137. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 1;44(37):3627-39.Full text  Abstract

138. von Lewinski D, Kolesnik E, Tripolt NJ, et al. Empagliflozin in acute myocardial infarction: the EMMY trial. Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 1;43(41):4421-32.Full text  Abstract

139. Dibben G, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 6;11(11):CD001800.Full text  Abstract

140. Brito V, Ciapponi A, Kwong J. Factor Xa inhibitors for acute coronary syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD007038. Abstract

141. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, et al. Rivaroxaban in patients stabilized after a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results from the ATLAS ACS-2-TIMI-51 trial (Anti-Xa Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events in Addition to Standard Therapy in Subjects with Acute Coronary Syndrome-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-51). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 May 7;61(18):1853-9.Full text  Abstract

142. Chiarito M, Cao D, Cannata F, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in addition to antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2018 Mar 1;3(3):234-41.Full text  Abstract

143. Povsic TJ, Vavalle JP, Alexander JH, et al. Use of the REG1 anticoagulation system in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the phase II RADAR-PCI study. EuroIntervention. 2014 Aug;10(4):431-8.Full text  Abstract

144. Povsic TJ, Wargin WA, Alexander JH, et al. Pegnivacogin results in near complete FIX inhibition in acute coronary syndrome patients: RADAR pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic substudy. Eur Heart J. 2011 Oct;32(19):2412-9. Abstract

145. Staudacher DL, Putz V, Heger L, et al. Direct factor IXa inhibition with the RNA-aptamer pegnivacogin reduces platelet reactivity in vitro and residual platelet aggregation in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019 Sep;8(6):520-6. Abstract

146. De Caterina R, Prisco D, Eikelboom JW. Factor XI inhibitors: cardiovascular perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2023 Jan 21;44(4):280-92.Full text  Abstract

147. DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, Fares H, et al. L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013 Jun;88(6):544-51.Full text  Abstract

148. Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 26;381(26):2497-505.Full text  Abstract

149. Chen Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, et al. Colchicine may become a new cornerstone therapy for coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Jun;41(6):1873-87. Abstract

150. Razavi E, Ramezani A, Kazemi A, et al. Effect of treatment with colchicine after acute coronary syndrome on major cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Cardiovasc Ther. 2022 Apr 13:2022:8317011.Full text  Abstract

151. Bouabdallaoui N, Tardif JC, Waters DD, et al. Time-to-treatment initiation of colchicine and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction in the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT). Eur Heart J. 2020 Nov 7;41(42):4092-9.Full text  Abstract

152. Pettersen JA, Singh A. Potentially reversible rapid-onset weakness: recognizing colchicine toxicity. Am J Med. 2018 Feb;131(2):e59-60.

153. Schwartz GG, Leiter LA, Ballantyne CM, et al. Dalcetrapib reduces risk of new-onset diabetes in patients with coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care. 2020 May;43(5):1077-84.Full text  Abstract

154. Castellano JM, Pocock SJ, Bhatt DL, et al. Polypill strategy in secondary cardiovascular prevention. N Engl J Med. 2022 Sep 15;387(11):967-77.Full text  Abstract

155. Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 14;389(24):2221-32.Full text  Abstract

156. Wise J. Semaglutide reduces risk of major cardiovascular events by 20%, finds study. BMJ. 2023 Nov 13;383:2668.

157. Hall M, Smith L, Wu J, et al. Health outcomes after myocardial infarction: a population study of 56 million people in England. PLoS Med. 2024 Feb;21(2):e1004343.Full text  Abstract

158. Zaman S, Kovoor P. Sudden cardiac death early after myocardial infarction: pathogenesis, risk stratification, and primary prevention. Circulation. 2014 Jun 10;129(23):2426-35.Full text  Abstract

159. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DSN, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec 26;335(26):1933-40.Full text  Abstract

160. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 21;346(12):877-83.Full text  Abstract

161. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al; DINAMIT Investigators. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 9;351(24):2481-8.Full text  Abstract

162. Radovanovic D, Seifert B, Urban P, et al; AMIS Plus Investigators. Validity of Charlson Comorbidity Index in patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome. Insights from the nationwide AMIS Plus registry 2002-2012. Heart. 2014 Feb;100(4):288-94.Full text  Abstract

163. Christensen DM, Schjerning AM, Smedegaard L, et al. Long-term mortality, cardiovascular events, and bleeding in stable patients 1 year after myocardial infarction: a Danish nationwide study. Eur Heart J. 2023 Feb 7;44(6):488-98.Full text  Abstract

164. Szummer K, Wallentin L, Lindhagen L, et al. Relations between implementation of new treatments and improved outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction during the last 20 years: experiences from SWEDEHEART registry 1995 to 2014. Eur Heart J. 2018 Nov 7;39(42):3766-76. Abstract

165. Amin A. Improving the management of patients after myocardial infarction, from admission to discharge. Clin Ther. 2006 Oct;28(10):1509-39. Abstract

166. Yandrapalli S, Malik A, Pemmasani G, et al. Sex differences in heart failure hospitalisation risk following acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2021 Oct;107(20):1657-63. Abstract

167. Law MR, Watt HC, Wald NJ. The underlying risk of death after myocardial infarction in the absence of treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Nov 25;162(21):2405-10.Full text  Abstract

168. Beleigoli A, Foote J, Gebremichael LG, et al. Clinical effectiveness and utilisation of cardiac rehabilitation after hospital discharge: data linkage analysis of 84,064 eligible discharged patients (2016-2021). Heart Lung Circ. 2024 Jul;33(7):1036-45.Full text  Abstract

169. Goldberg RJ, Yarzebski J, Spencer FA, et al. Thirty-year trends (1975-2005) in the magnitude, patient characteristics, and hospital outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Dec 15;102(12):1595-601.Full text  Abstract

170. Adabag S, Patton KK, Buxton AE, et al. Association of implantable cardioverter defibrillators with survival in patients with and without improved ejection fraction: secondary analysis of the sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017 Jul 1;2(7):767-74.Full text  Abstract

171. Jha MK, Qamar A, Vaduganathan M, et al. Screening and management of depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 16;73(14):1827-45.Full text  Abstract

172. Frost JL, Rich RL Jr, Robbins CW, et al. Depression following acute coronary syndrome events: screening and treatment guidelines from the AAFP. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Jun 15;99(12):Online.Full text  Abstract

173. Abdullah A, Radivojevic A, Abu Jad AA, et al. Achieving the balance: a systematic review on treating depression post myocardial infarction. Cardiol Res Cardiovasc Med 2022;6:177.Full text

174. Crea F, Bairey Merz CN, Beltrame JF, et al. Mechanisms and diagnostic evaluation of persistent or recurrent angina following percutaneous coronary revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019 Aug 1;40(29):2455-62. Abstract

175. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.Full text

176. Damluji AA, van Diepen S, Katz JN, et al. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 13;144(2):e16-35.Full text  Abstract

177. Samsky MD, Morrow DA, Proudfoot AG, et al. Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: a review. JAMA. 2021 Nov 9;326(18):1840-50.Full text  Abstract

178. Awad HH, Anderson FA Jr, Gore JM, et al. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Am Heart J. 2012 Jun;163(6):963-71. Abstract

179. Hochman JS, Buller CE, Sleeper LA, et al; SHOCK Investigators. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction - etiologies, management and outcome: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Sep;36(3 Suppl A):1063-70. Abstract

180. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al; SHOCK Investigators. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 1999 Aug 26;341(9):625-34.Full text  Abstract

181. Sasse T, Eriksson U. Post-cardiac injury syndrome: aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. E-Journal of Cardiology Practice. 31 Oct 2017;15(21).Full text

182. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents. Circulation. 2007 Feb 13;115(6):813-8.Full text  Abstract

183. Levine GN, McEvoy JW, Fang JC, et al. Management of patients at risk for and with left ventricular thrombus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Oct 11;146(15):e205-23.Full text  Abstract

184. Rinde LB, Lind C, Småbrekke B, et al. Impact of incident myocardial infarction on the risk of venous thromboembolism: the Tromsø Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Jun;14(6):1183-91.Full text  Abstract

185. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 Jan 18;145(3):e4-17.Full text  Abstract

186. Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Sep 6;68(10):1082-115.Full text

187. Eisenberg MJ, Windle SB, Roy N, et al. Varenicline for smoking cessation in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2016 Jan 5;133(1):21-30.Full text  Abstract

Comorbidities Manager reference articles

188. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text

189. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text  Abstract

190. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-6.Full text  Abstract

191. Janse RJ, Fu EL, Clase CM, et al. Stopping versus continuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors after acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study from routine care data. Clin Kidney J. 2022 Jun;15(6):1109-19.Full text  Abstract

192. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text

193. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text

194. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

195. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text  Abstract

196. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract

197. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract

198. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 Abstract

199. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

200. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text  Abstract

201. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text  Abstract

202. Law JP, Pickup L, Townend JN, et al. Anticoagulant strategies for the patient with chronic kidney disease. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Mar;20(2):151-5Full text  Abstract

203. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

204. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

205. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract

206. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

207. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

208. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text

209. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

210. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

211. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text  Abstract

212. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text

213. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract

214. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text  Abstract

215. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. November 2020 [internet publication]Full text

216. Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):4043-140.Full text  Abstract

217. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes: management of hyperglycaemia in people with acute coronary syndromes October 2011 [internet publication]Full text

218. Wei CH, Litwin SE. Hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: is serum glucose the provocateur or innocent bystander? Diabetes. 2014 Jul;63(7):2209-12Full text  Abstract

219. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text  Abstract

220. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

221. Ryder B, Burbridge W, Braycotton L, et al. Inpatient diabetes: do-it-yourself electronic referral system to support and enhance the Think Glucose project. Practical Diabetes. 2014;31(5):194-6Full text

222. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

223. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text

224. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text

225. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

226. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract

227. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text  Abstract

228. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract

229. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text  Abstract

230. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text  Abstract

231. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract

232. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text  Abstract

233. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

234. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text  Abstract

235. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

236. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text  Abstract

237. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text

238. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Abstract

239. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

240. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text  Abstract

241. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text  Abstract

242. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text  Abstract

243. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Full text  Abstract

244. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Abstract

245. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text  Abstract

246. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text  Abstract

247. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text

248. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text

249. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text  Abstract

250. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text  Abstract

251. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text  Abstract

252. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-826.Full text  Abstract

253. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373-83. Abstract

254. Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Mar 15;173(6):676-82.Full text  Abstract

255. Radovanovic D, Seifert B, Urban P, et al. Validity of Charlson Comorbidity Index in patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome. Insights from the nationwide AMIS Plus registry 2002-2012. Heart. 2014 Feb;100(4):288-94. Abstract

256. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. Mar 2017 [internet publication].Full text

257. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

258. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text

259. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text  Abstract

260. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text

261. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract

262. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text  Abstract

263. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

264. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text

265. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text

266. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text

267. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract

268. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract

269. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text

270. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.

271. Taylor DM, Gaughran F, Pillinger T. The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020

272. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA. 2002 Aug 14;288(6):701-9.Full text  Abstract

273. Behlke LM, Lenze EJ, Carney RM. The cardiovascular effects of newer antidepressants in older adults and those with or at high risk for cardiovascular diseases. CNS Drugs. 2020 Nov;34(11):1133-47.Full text  Abstract

274. Baldwin DS, Necking O, Schmidt SN, et al. Efficacy and safety of vortioxetine in treatment of patients with major depressive disorder and common co-morbid physical illness. J Affect Disord. 2022 Aug 15;311:588-94.Full text  Abstract

275. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

276. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text  Abstract

277. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726Full text  Abstract

278. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract

279. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract

280. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text  Abstract

281. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text  Abstract

282. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text

283. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract

284. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text  Abstract

285. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text

286. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text

287. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract

288. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract

289. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text

290. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text  Abstract

291. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text  Abstract

292. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text  Abstract

293. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text  Abstract

294. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text  Abstract

295. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2025 [internet publication].Full text

296. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text  Abstract

297. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text

298. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

299. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text  Abstract

300. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text

301. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text  Abstract

302. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text  Abstract

303. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text  Abstract

304. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text  Abstract

305. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

306. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text

307. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text  Abstract

308. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. September 2018 [internet publication]Full text

309. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: expert panel report 3. August 2007 [internet publication]Full text

310. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002992Full text  Abstract

311. Morales DR, Jackson C, Lipworth BJ, et al. Adverse respiratory effect of acute β-blocker exposure in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2014 Apr;145(4):779-86Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer