Tick-borne encephalitis

Taba P, Schmutzhard E, Forsberg P, et al. EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Oct;24(10):1214-e61. Abstract

UK Health Security Agency. Tick-borne encephalitis: epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Tick-borne encephalitis. 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tickborne diseases of the United States. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

1. Chiffi G, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis: a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture. Rev Med Virol. 2023 Sep;33(5):e2470. Abstract

2. Taba P, Schmutzhard E, Forsberg P, et al. EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Oct;24(10):1214-e61. Abstract

3. Bloch KC, Glaser CA, Tunkel AR. Encephalitis and myelitis. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, eds. Infectious diseases. 4th ed. London: Mosby Elsevier; 2016.

4. Lindquist L. Tick-borne encephalitis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014 Jul 14;123:531-59. Abstract

5. Ecker M, Allison SL, Meixner T, et al. Sequence analysis and genetic classification of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Europe and Asia. J Gen Virol. 1999 Jan;80 ( Pt 1):179-85. Abstract

6. Pustijanac E, Buršić M, Talapko J, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis virus: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention. Microorganisms. 2023 Jun 22;11(7):1634.Full text  Abstract

7. Siegel E, Xu G, Killinger P, et al. Passive surveillance of Powassan virus in human-biting ticks and health outcomes of associated bite victims. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024 Oct;30(10):1332-4. Abstract

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9. UK Health Security Agency. Tick-borne encephalitis: epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

10. Barlow G, Irving WL, Moss PJ. Infectious disease. In: Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M, eds. Kumar & Clark’s clinical medicine. 10th ed. London: Elsevier, 2021.

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - tick-borne encephalitis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

12. Angulo FJ, Zhang P, Halsby K, et al. A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of tick-borne encephalitis vaccines in Europe. Vaccine. 2023 Nov 13;41(47):6914-21.Full text  Abstract

13. Lindquist L, Vapalahti O. Tick-borne encephalitis. Lancet. 2008 May 31;371(9627):1861-71. Abstract

14. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Tick-borne encephalitis - annual epidemiological report for 2022​. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

15. World Health Organization. Tick-borne encephalitis. 2025 [internet publication].Full text

16. Hawker J, Begg N, Reintjes R, et al. Communicable disease control and health protection handbook. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2019

17. UK Health Security Agency. HAIRS risk assessment: tick-borne encephalitis. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

18. Chaudhuri A, Růžek D. First documented case of imported tick-borne encephalitis in Australia. Intern Med J. 2013 Jan;43(1):93-6.Full text  Abstract

19. Pontali E, Bobbio N, Cassola G. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) during a "grand-tour" of Europe clinically manifesting in a TBE-free region. J Travel Med. 2010 Mar-Apr;17(2):143-5.Full text  Abstract

20. Hills SL, Fischer M. Arboviral encephalitides. In: Heymann DL, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 21st ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2022.

21. Australian Association of Bush Regenerators. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: protecting yourself. May 2014 [internet publication].Full text

22. Cho H, Proll SC, Szretter KJ, et al. Differential innate immune response programs in neuronal subtypes determine susceptibility to infection in the brain by positive-stranded RNA viruses. Nat Med. 2013 Apr;19(4):458-64.Full text  Abstract

23. Federal Select Agent Program. Select agents and toxins list. Jan 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 4: environmental hazards & risks - mosquitoes, ticks & other arthropods. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

25. Demicheli V, Debalini MG, Rivetti A. Vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD000977. Abstract

26. Steffen R. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in children in Europe: Epidemiology, clinical outcome and comparison of vaccination recommendations. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019 Jan;10(1):100-10.Full text  Abstract

27. Hills SL, Poehling KA, Chen WH, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2023 Nov 10;72(5):1-29.Full text  Abstract

28. Pfizer. U.S. FDA approves TICOVAC™, Pfizer's tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine. August 2021 [internet publication]Full text

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tickborne diseases of the United States. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

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34. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;39(9):1267-84.Full text  Abstract

35. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Factsheet about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). [internet publication].Full text

36. Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: a practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014 Jun;4(3):206-15.Full text  Abstract

37. Greenberg BM. Central nervous system infections in the intensive care unit. Semin Neurol. 2008 Nov;28(5):682-9. Abstract

38. Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):303-27.Full text  Abstract

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