Absence seizures

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Brigo F, Igwe SC, Lattanzi S. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 21;1(1):CD003032.Full text  Abstract

Rinaldi VE, Di Cara G, Mencaroni E, et al. Therapeutic options for childhood absence epilepsy. Pediatr Rep. 2021 Dec 16;13(4):658-67.Full text  Abstract

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19. Manning J A, Richards DA, Bowery NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Oct;24(10):542-9. Abstract

20. Crunelli V, Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 May;3(5):371-82. Abstract

21. Barone V, van Putten MJAM, Visser GH. Absence epilepsy: characteristics, pathophysiology, attention impairments, and the related risk of accidents. A narrative review. Epilepsy Behav. 2020 Nov;112:107342.Full text  Abstract

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24. Meeren H, van Luijtelaar G, Lopes da Silva F, et al. Evolving concepts on the pathophysiology of absence seizures: the cortical focus theory. Arch Neurol. 2005 Mar;62(3):371-6.Full text  Abstract

25. Gardiner M. Genetics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;4(suppl 9):15-20.Full text  Abstract

26. Mullen SA, Suls A, De Jonghe P, et al. Absence epilepsies with widely variable onset are a key feature of familial GLUT1 deficiency. Neurology. 2010 Aug 3;75(5):432-40. Abstract

27. Filippi C, Damioli S, Accorsi P, et al. Early onset absence epilepsy of childhood: epidemiologic data, treatment and outcome in a sample of 56 patients born between 2000 and 2018. Seizure. 2024 May;118:47-52.Full text  Abstract

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29. Guilhoto LM. Absence epilepsy: continuum of clinical presentation and epigenetics? Seizure. 2017 Jan;44:53-7.Full text  Abstract

30. Albuja AC, Ighodaro ET, Khan GQ. Absence seizure. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.

31. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE, Smith S,et al. Automatisms in absence seizures in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2009 Jun;66(6):729-34. Abstract

32. Koutroumanidis M, Arzimanoglou A, Caraballo R, et al. The role of EEG in the diagnosis and classification of the epilepsy syndromes: a tool for clinical practice by the ILAE Neurophysiology Task Force (Part 2). Epileptic Disord. 2017 Dec 1;19(4):385-437. Abstract

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34. Harvey S, Shahwan A. Typical absence seizures in children: review with focus on EEG predictors of treatment response and outcome. Seizure. 2023 Aug;110:1-10. Abstract

35. Dlugos D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurology. 2013 Jul 9;81(2):150-6. Abstract

36. Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children (reaffirmed 2023). Neurology. 2000 JSep 12;55(5):616-23.Full text  Abstract

37. Mullen SA, Berkovic SF, ILAE Genetics Commission. Genetic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2018 Jun;59(6):1148-53.Full text  Abstract

38. Byrne S, Kearns J, Carolan R, et al. Refractory absence epilepsy associated with GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia. 2011 May;52(5):1021-4. Abstract

39. Sheidley BR, Malinowski J, Bergner AL, et al. Genetic testing for the epilepsies: a systematic review. Epilepsia. 2022 Feb;63(2):375-87. Abstract

40. Avbersek A, Sisodiya S. Does the primary literature provide support for clinical signs used to distinguish psychogenic nonepileptic seizures from epileptic seizures? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;81(7):719-25.Full text  Abstract

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42. Brown RJ, Reuber M. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:157-82. Abstract

43. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.Full text  Abstract

44. Nadler B, Shevell MI. Childhood absence epilepsy requiring more than one medication for seizure control. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jul;35(3):297-300. Abstract

45. Brigo F, Igwe SC, Lattanzi S. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 21;1(1):CD003032.Full text  Abstract

46. Rinaldi VE, Di Cara G, Mencaroni E, et al. Therapeutic options for childhood absence epilepsy. Pediatr Rep. 2021 Dec 16;13(4):658-67.Full text  Abstract

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48. Chu H, Zhang X, Shi J, et al. Antiseizure medications for idiopathic generalized epilepsies: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2023 Oct;270(10):4713-28.Full text  Abstract

49. Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Cividini S, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 1;4(4):CD011412.Full text  Abstract

50. Serafini A, Gerard E, Genton P, et al. Treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy in patients of child-bearing potential. CNS Drugs. 2019 Mar;33(3):195-208. Abstract

51. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gynecologic management of adolescents and young women with seizure disorders: ACOG committee opinion summary, number 806. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;135(5):1242-3.Full text  Abstract

52. Pack AM, Oskoui M, Williams Roberson S, et al. Teratogenesis, perinatal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero exposure to antiseizure medication: practice guideline from the AAN, AES, and SMFM. Neurology. 2024 Jun;102(11):e209279.Full text  Abstract

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56. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: updated advice following comprehensive safety review. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

57. Battino D, Tomson T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol. 2024 May 1;81(5):481-9.Full text  Abstract

58. Dreier JW, Bjørk MH, Alvestad S, et al. Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication and incidence of childhood- and adolescence-onset psychiatric disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2023 Jun 1;80(6):568-77.Full text  Abstract

59. Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, et al. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 29;8(8):CD010224.Full text  Abstract

60. Hope OA, Harris KM. Management of epilepsy during pregnancy and lactation. BMJ. 2023 Sep 8;382:e074630.Full text  Abstract

61. Hixson JD. Stopping antiepileptic drugs: when and why? Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Sep;12(5):434-42.Full text  Abstract

62. Gloss D, Pargeon K, Pack A, et al. Antiseizure medication withdrawal in seizure-free patients: practice advisory update summary: report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology. 2021 Dec 7;97(23):1072-81.Full text  Abstract

63. Ayuga Loro F, Gisbert Tijeras E, Brigo F. Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 10;1(1):CD005003.Full text  Abstract

64. Gregorčič S, Hrovat J, Bizjak N, et al. Difficult to treat absence seizures in children: a single-center retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2022;13:958369.Full text  Abstract

65. Wirrel EC. Epilepsy-related injuries. Epilepsia. 2006 Oct 11;47 Suppl 1:79-86. Abstract

66. Nguyen R, Téllez Zenteno JF. Injuries in epilepsy: a review of its prevalence, risk factors, type of injuries and prevention. Neurol Int. 2009 Nov 16;1(1):e20.Full text  Abstract

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68. Shorvon S, Walker M. Status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:73-9. Abstract

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70. Caplan R, Siddarth P, Stahl L, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1838-46. Abstract

71. Fonseca Wald ELA, Hendriksen JGM, Drenthen GS, et al. Towards a better understanding of cognitive deficits in absence epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019 Dec;29(4):421-49.Full text  Abstract

72. Hermann BP, Jones JE, Sheth R, et al. Growing up with epilepsy: a two-year investigation of cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1847-58. Abstract

73. Fastenau PS, Johnson CS, Perkins SM, et al. Neuropsychological status at seizure onset in children: risk factors for early cognitive deficits. Neurology. 2009 Aug 18;73(7):526-34. Abstract

74. Sirén A, Kylliäinen A, Tenhunen M, et al. Beneficial effects of antiepileptic medication on absence seizures and cognitive functioning in children. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):85-91. Abstract

75. Masur D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment cognitive deficits and treatment effects on attention in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology. 2013 Oct 29;81(18):1572-80. Abstract

76. Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline summary: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2017 Apr 25;88(17):1674-80.Full text  Abstract

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