Transverse myelitis

Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 2002 Aug 27;59(4):499-505. Abstract

Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging, Agarwal V, Shah LM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® myelopathy: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5s):S73-82.Full text  Abstract

Rae-Grant A, Day GS, Marrie RA, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2018 Apr 24;90(17):777-88.Full text  Abstract

1. Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 2002 Aug 27;59(4):499-505. Abstract

2. Beh SC, Greenberg BM, Frohman T, et al. Transverse myelitis. Neurol Clin. 2013 Feb;31(1):79-138.Full text  Abstract

3. Miller D, Barkhof F, Montalban X, et al. Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Lancet Neurol. 2005 May;4(5):281-8. Abstract

4. Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O'Brien PC, et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome). Neurology. 1999 Sep 22;53(5):1107-14. Abstract

5. Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S, et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol. 2006 Mar;59(3):566-9. Abstract

6. Scott TF. Nosology of idiopathic transverse myelitis syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007 Jun;115(6):371-6. Abstract

7. Brex PA, Ciccarelli O, O'Riordan JI, et al. A longitudinal study of abnormalities on MRI and disability from multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 17;346(3):158-64.Full text  Abstract

8. Wingerchuk DM. Immune-mediated myelopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018 Apr;24(2, spinal cord disorders):497-522. Abstract

9. Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF, et al. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Sep;6(9):805-15. Abstract

10. Sechi E, Shosha E, Williams JP, et al. Aquaporin-4 and MOG autoantibody discovery in idiopathic transverse myelitis epidemiology. Neurology. 2019 Jul 23;93(4):e414-20. Abstract

11. Zalewski NL, Flanagan EP, Keegan BM. Evaluation of idiopathic transverse myelitis revealing specific myelopathy diagnoses. Neurology. 2018 Jan 9;90(2):e96-e102. Abstract

12. Abbatemarco JR, Galli JR, Sweeney ML, et al. Modern look at transverse myelitis and inflammatory myelopathy: epidemiology of the National Veterans Health Administration Population. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Aug 31;8(6):e1071.Full text  Abstract

13. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2008 Oct 25;372(9648):1502-17. Abstract

14. Kira J. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet Neurol. 2003 Feb;2(2):117-27. Abstract

15. Chabas D, Strober G, Waubant E. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008 Sep;8(5):434-41. Abstract

16. Banwell B, Tenembaum S, Lennon VA, et al. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG in childhood inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders. Neurology. 2008 Jan 29;70(5):344-52. Abstract

17. McKeon A, Lennon VA, Lotze T, et al. CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children. Neurology. 2008 Jul 8;71(2):93-100. Abstract

18. Jacob A, Weinshenker BG. An approach to the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis. Semin Neurol. 2008 Feb;28(1):105-20.Full text  Abstract

19. de Seze J, Lanctin C, Lebrun C, et al. Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis: application of the recent diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 2005 Dec 27;65(12):1950-3. Abstract

20. Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS. Multiple sclerosis - the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 2;354(9):942-55. Abstract

21. Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2004 Dec 11-17;364(9451):2106-12. Abstract

22. Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, et al. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med. 2005 Aug 15;202(4):473-7.Full text  Abstract

23. Hinson SR, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, et al. Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2007 Dec 11;69(24):2221-31. Abstract

24. Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D, et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Brain. 2002 Jul;125(Pt 7):1450-61.Full text  Abstract

25. Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM. Neuromyelitis spectrum disorders. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Apr;92(4):663-79.Full text  Abstract

26. Sato DK, Callegaro D, Lana-Peixoto MA, et al. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2014 Feb 11;82(6):474-81.Full text  Abstract

27. Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P, et al. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology. 2012 Sep 18;79(12):1273-7. Abstract

28. Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Deshpande DM, et al. Transverse myelitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Front Biosci. 2004 May 1;9:1483-99. Abstract

29. Jeffery DR, Mandler RN, Davis LE. Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 1993 May;50(5):532-5. Abstract

30. Pidcock FS, Krishnan C, Crawford TO, et al. Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: center-based analysis of 47 cases. Neurology. 2007 May 1;68(18):1474-80. Abstract

31. Deshpande DM, Krishnan C, Kerr DA. Transverse myelitis after lumbar steroid injection in a patient with Behcet's disease. Spinal Cord. 2005 Dec;43(12):735-7. Abstract

32. Martinez-Garcia E, Pelaez E, Roman JC, et al. Transverse myelitis following general and epidural anaesthesia in a paediatric patient. Anaesthesia. 2005 Sep;60(9):921-3. Abstract

33. Frohman EM, Wingerchuk DM. Clinical practice. Transverse myelitis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 5;363(6):564-72. Abstract

34. de Seze J, Stojkovic T, Breteau G, et al. Acute myelopathies: clinical, laboratory and outcome profiles in 79 cases. Brain. 2001 Aug;124(Pt 8):1509-21.Full text  Abstract

35. Dubey D, Pittock SJ, Krecke KN, et al. Clinical, radiologic, and prognostic features of myelitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Mar 1;76(3):301-9.Full text  Abstract

36. Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging, Agarwal V, Shah LM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® myelopathy: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5s):S73-82.Full text  Abstract

37. Huh SY, Kim SH, Hyun JW, et al. Short segment myelitis as a first manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler. 2017 Mar;23(3):413-19. Abstract

38. Flanagan EP, Weinshenker BG, Krecke KN, et al. Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Jan;72(1):81-7.Full text  Abstract

39. Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Mar;22(3):268-82. Abstract

40. Flanagan EP, Keegan BM. Paraneoplastic myelopathy. Neurol Clin. 2013 Feb;31(1):307-18. Abstract

41. Zalewski NL, Krecke KN, Weinshenker BG, et al. Central canal enhancement and the trident sign in spinal cord sarcoidosis. Neurology. 2016 Aug 16;87(7):743-4.Full text  Abstract

42. Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2006 May 23;66(10):1485-9. Abstract

43. Bennett JL, de Seze J, Lana-Peixoto M, et al. Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: Seeing differences through optical coherence tomography. Mult Scler. 2015 May;21(6):678-88.Full text  Abstract

44. Scott TF, Kassab SL, Singh S. Acute partial transverse myelitis with normal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging: transition rate to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005 Aug;11(4):373-7. Abstract

45. Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 28;343(13):898-904.Full text  Abstract

46. Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006 Oct 10;67(7):1242-9. Abstract

47. Sellner J, Luthi N, Buhler R, et al. Acute partial transverse myelitis: risk factors for conversion to multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Apr;15(4):398-405. Abstract

48. Deiva K, Absoud M, Hemingway C, et al; United Kingdom Childhood Inflammatory Demyelination (UK-CID) Study and French Kidbiosep Study. Acute idiopathic transverse myelitis in children: early predictors of relapse and disability. Neurology. 2015 Jan 27;84(4):341-9. Abstract

49. Ropper AH, Poskanzer DC. The prognosis of acute and subacute transverse myelopathy based on early signs and symptoms. Ann Neurol. 1978 Jul;4(1):51-9. Abstract

50. Al-Araji AH, Oger J. Reappraisal of Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005 Aug;11(4):398-402. Abstract

51. Savoldi F, Nasr Z, Hu W, et al. McArdle sign: a specific sign of multiple sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Aug;94(8):1427-35. Abstract

52. Waubant E, Alize P, Tourbah A, et al. Paroxysmal dystonia (tonic spasm) in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2001 Dec 26;57(12):2320-1. Abstract

53. Misu T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, et al. Intractable hiccup and nausea with periaqueductal lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2005 Nov 8;65(9):1479-82. Abstract

54. Takahashi T, Miyazawa I, Misu T, et al. Intractable hiccup and nausea in neuromyelitis optica with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: a herald of acute exacerbations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;79(9):1075-8. Abstract

55. Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Wijdicks EF. Mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;75(9):1331-3.Full text  Abstract

56. Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Reich DS, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):653-70. Abstract

57. Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Sep 26;13(1):279.Full text  Abstract

58. Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Sep 27;13(1):280.Full text  Abstract

59. Berger JR, Sabet A. Infectious myelopathies. Semin Neurol. 2002 Jun;22(2):133-42. Abstract

60. Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, de Seze J, et al. Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch Neurol. 2008 Jan;65(1):78-83.Full text  Abstract

61. Fang B, McKeon A, Hinson SR, et al. Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a novel meningoencephalomyelitis. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Nov 1;73(11):1297-1307.Full text  Abstract

62. Hoitsma E, Faber CG, Drent M, et al. Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Jul;3(7):397-407. Abstract

63. Schmidt MH, Klimo P Jr, Vrionis FD. Metastatic spinal cord compression. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2005 Sep;3(5):711-9. Abstract

64. McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal-cord injury. Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25. Abstract

65. Kumar N, Palmisciano P, Dhawan S, et al. Spontaneous spinal hematoma in patients using antiplatelets and anticoagulants: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2024 Apr;184:e185-94. Abstract

66. Cheshire WP, Santos CC, Massey EW, et al. Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome. Neurology. 1996 Aug;47(2):321-30. Abstract

67. Jellema K, Tijssen CC, van Gijn J. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a congestive myelopathy that initially mimics a peripheral nerve disorder. Brain. 2006 Dec;129(Pt 12):3150-64.Full text  Abstract

68. Koehler PJ, Verbiest H, Jager J, et al. Delayed radiation myelopathy: serial MR-imaging and pathology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1996 May;98(2):197-201. Abstract

69. Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Parisi JE, et al. Amphiphysin autoimmunity: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jul;58(1):96-107. Abstract

70. Han JJ, Massagli TL, Jaffe KM. Fibrocartilaginous embolism - an uncommon cause of spinal cord infarction: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Jan;85(1):153-7. Abstract

71. van Doorn PA, Ruts L, Jacobs BC. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Oct;7(10):939-50. Abstract

72. Kumar N. Copper deficiency myelopathy (human swayback). Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Oct;81(10):1371-84. Abstract

73. Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015 Jul 14;85(2):177-89.Full text  Abstract

74. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Feb;17(2):162-73. Abstract

75. Weinshenker BG, O'Brien PC, Petterson TM, et al. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol. 1999 Dec;46(6):878-86. Abstract

76. Cortese I, Chaudhry V, So YT, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011 Jan 18;76(3):294-300.Full text  Abstract

77. Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Pardo CA, et al. Demyelinating disorders: update on transverse myelitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006 May;6(3):236-43. Abstract

78. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence in neurological disease: assessment and management. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

79. Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M, et al. Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Oct 31;374(9700):1503-11. Abstract

80. Rae-Grant A, Day GS, Marrie RA, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2018 Apr 24;90(17):777-88.Full text  Abstract

81. Mandler RN, Ahmed W, Dencoff JE. Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine. Neurology. 1998 Oct;51(4):1219-20. Abstract

82. Cree BA, Lamb S, Morgan K, et al. An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2005 Apr 12;64(7):1270-2. Abstract

83. Jacob A, Weinshenker BG, Violich I, et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with rituximab: retrospective analysis of 25 patients. Arch Neurol. 2008 Nov;65(11):1443-8. Abstract

84. Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008 Jan;10(1):55-66. Abstract

85. Levy M, Fujihara K, Palace J. New therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Jan;20(1):60-7. Abstract

86. Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):614-25.Full text  Abstract

87. Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, et al. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Oct 12;394(10206):1352-63. Abstract

88. Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019 Nov 28;381(22):2114-24. Abstract

89. Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 May;19(5):402-12. Abstract

90. Kümpfel T, Giglhuber K, Aktas O, et al. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: attack therapy and long-term management. J Neurol. 2024 Jan;271(1):141-76.Full text  Abstract

91. Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Apr;19(4):298-306. Abstract

92. Sechi E, Cacciaguerra L, Chen JJ, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): a review of clinical and MRI features, diagnosis, and management. Front Neurol. 2022 Jun 17:13:885218.Full text  Abstract

93. Chen JJ, Huda S, Hacohen Y, et al. Association of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin with prevention of relapse in adult myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. JAMA Neurol. 2022 May 1;79(5):518-25. Abstract

94. Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Lindenblatt G, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-IgG-associated disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Nov 16;9(1):e1100.Full text  Abstract

95. Pittock SJ, Barnett M, Bennett JL, et al. Ravulizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ann Neurol. 2023 Jun;93(6):1053-68.Full text  Abstract

96. Dunne K, Hopkins IJ, Shield LK. Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986 Apr;28(2):198-204. Abstract