References

Key articles

Ramakrishnan K, Salinas RC, Agudelo Higuita NI. Skin and soft tissue infections. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Sep 15;92(6):474-83.Full text  Abstract

Mengesha YM, Bennett ML. Pustular skin disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:389-400. Abstract

Conlon JD, Drolet BA. Skin lesions in the neonate. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51:863-388, vii-viii. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Hartman-Adams H, Banvard C, Juckett G. Impetigo: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Aug 15;90(4):229-35.Full text  Abstract

2. George A, Rubin G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for impetigo. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53:480-487.Full text  Abstract

3. Sladden MJ, Johnston GA. Common skin infections in children. BMJ. 2004;329:95-99.Full text  Abstract

4. Ramakrishnan K, Salinas RC, Agudelo Higuita NI. Skin and soft tissue infections. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Sep 15;92(6):474-83.Full text  Abstract

5. Boni R, Nehrhoff B. Treatment of gram-negative folliculitis in patients with acne. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:273-276. Abstract

6. O'Byrne P, MacPherson P. Syphilis. BMJ. 2019 Jun 28;365:l4159.Full text  Abstract

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis. October 2019 [internet publication].Full text

8. McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Flagg EW, et al. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2018 Feb;(304):1-8.Full text  Abstract

9. Roizman B, Whitley RJ. An inquiry into the molecular basis of HSV latency and reactivation. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2013;67:355-74.Full text  Abstract

10. Swick BL, DeBates SM. A solitary nodule on the finger. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:321-326. Abstract

11. Huang YA, Howard-Jones AR, Durrani S, et al. Monkeypox: a clinical update for paediatricians. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Sep;58(9):1532-8.Full text  Abstract

12. McCollum AM, Shelus V, Hill A, et al. Epidemiology of human mpox - worldwide, 2018-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Jan 20;72(3):68-72.Full text  Abstract

13. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Full text

14. World Health Organization. Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox: interim rapid response guidance. ​Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

15. World Health Organization. Mpox. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Full text

16. Rubenstein RM, Malerich SA. Malassezia (pityrosporum) folliculitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014 Mar;7(3):37-41.Full text  Abstract

17. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1-50.Full text  Abstract

18. Spellberg B. Novel insights into disseminated candidiasis: pathogenesis research and clinical experience converge. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4:e38.Full text  Abstract

19. Greenberg RG, Benjamin DK Jr. Neonatal candidiasis: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Infect. 2014 Nov;69 Suppl 1:S19-22.Full text  Abstract

20. Ely JW, Rosenfeld S, Seabury Stone M. Diagnosis and management of tinea infections. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Nov 15;90(10):702-10.Full text  Abstract

21. Karthikeyan K. Scabies in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2007;92:65-69. Abstract

22. Wolkenstein P, Machovcová A, Szepietowski JC, et al. Acne prevalence and associations with lifestyle: a cross-sectional online survey of adolescents/young adults in 7 European countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Feb;32(2):298-306.Full text  Abstract

23. Clarke SB, Nelson AM, George RE, et al. Pharmacologic modulation of sebaceous gland activity: mechanisms and clinical applications. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25:137-146, v. Abstract

24. Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Drug-induced acne. Clin Dermatol. 2017 Mar - Apr;35(2):156-62.Full text  Abstract

25. Fraser SJ, Benton EC, Roddie PH, et al. Eosinophilic folliculitis: an important differential diagnosis after allogeneic bone-marrow transplant. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:369-371. Abstract

26. Nervi SJ, Schwartz RA, Dmochowski M. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: a 40 year retrospect. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:285-289. Abstract

27. Krause I, Yankevich A, Fraser A, et al. Prevalence and clinical aspects of Behcet’s disease in the north of Israel. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:555-560. Abstract

28. El Menyawi MM, Raslan HM, Edrees A. Clinical features of Behcet's disease in Egypt. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29:641-646. Abstract

29. Alexander AM, Delph WI. Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem. J Natl Med Assoc. 1974;66:459-479.Full text  Abstract

30. Edlich RF, Haines PC, Nichter LS, et al. Pseudofolliculitis barbae with keloids. J Emerg Med. 1986;4:283-286. Abstract

31. Perry PK, Cook-Bolden FE, Rahman Z, et al. Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:113-119. Abstract

32. Ratnarathorn M, Newman J. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease) occurring in association with nodal marginal zone lymphoma: a case report. Dermatol Online J. 2008;14:6.Full text  Abstract

33. Good LM, Good TJ, High WA. Infantile acropustulosis in internationally adopted children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:763-771. Abstract

34. Mancini AJ, Frieden IJ, Paller AS. Infantile acropustulosis revisited: history of scabies and response to topical corticosteroids. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998;15:337-341. Abstract

35. Marchini G, Nelson A, Edner J, et al. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is an innate immune response to commensal microbes penetrated into the skin of the newborn infant. Pediatr Res. 2005;58:613-616. Abstract

36. Mengesha YM, Bennett ML. Pustular skin disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:389-400. Abstract

37. deShazo RD, Williams DF, Moak ES. Fire ant attacks on residents in health care facilities: a report of two cases. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:424-429. Abstract

38. Conlon JD, Drolet BA. Skin lesions in the neonate. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51:863-388, vii-viii. Abstract

39. Feng E, Janniger CK. Miliaria. Cutis. 1995;55:213-216. Abstract

40. Kirk JF, Wilson BB, Chun W, et al. Miliaria profunda. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:854-856. Abstract

41. Elewski BE, Fleischer AB Jr, Pariser DM. A comparison of 15% azelaic acid gel and 0.75% metronidazole gel in the topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of a randomized trial. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1444-50.Full text  Abstract

42. Oltz M, Check J. Rosacea and its ocular manifestations. Optometry. 2011;82:92-103. Abstract

43. Wu IB, Schwartz RA. Reiter's syndrome: the classic triad and more. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:113-121. Abstract

44. Brill TJ, Elshorst-Schmidt T, Valesky EM, et al. Successful treatment of acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau with sequential combination of calcipotriol and tacrolimus ointments. Dermatology. 2005;211:351-355. Abstract

45. Tempark T, Shwayder TA. Perioral dermatitis: a review of the condition with special attention to treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014 Apr;15(2):101-13.Full text  Abstract

46. Kerl K, Masouyé I, Lesavre P, et al. A case of amicrobial pustulosis of the folds associated with neutrophilic gastrointestinal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Dermatology. 2005;211:356-359. Abstract

47. Lee HY, Pelivani N, Beltraminelli H, et al. Amicrobial pustulosis-like rash in a patient with Crohn's disease under anti-TNF-alpha blocker. Dermatology. 2011;222:304-310. Abstract

48. Zirwas M, Dobkin HE, Krishnamurthy S. Amicrobial pustulosis of the folds and palmoplantar pustulosis simultaneously induced by different tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors: demonstration of a shared pathophysiology. JAAD Case Rep. 2017 Sep;3(5):401-3.Full text  Abstract

49. Agero AL, Dusza SW, Benvenuto-Andrade C, et al. Dermatologic side effects associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:657-670. Abstract

50. Van Doorn R, Kirtschig G, Scheffer E, et al. Follicular and epidermal alterations in patients treated with ZD1839 (Iressa), an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:598-601. Abstract

51. Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015 Nov;73(5):843-8.Full text  Abstract

52. Tas S, Simonart T. Management of drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome): an update. Dermatology. 2003;206:353-356. Abstract

53. Shiohara T, Mizukawa Y. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): An update in 2019. Allergol Int. 2019 Jul;68(3):301-8.Full text  Abstract

54. Chu CY. An open-label pilot study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topically applied pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea-like eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:484-490. Abstract

55. Serra D, Gonçalo M, Mariano A, et al. Pustular psoriasis and drug-induced pustulosis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2011;146:155-158. Abstract

56. Hoegler KM, John AM, Handler MZ, et al. Generalized pustular psoriasis: a review and update on treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Oct;32(10):1645-51.Full text  Abstract

57. Ozawa A, Miyahara M, Sugai J, et al. HLA class I and II alleles and susceptibility to generalized pustular psoriasis: significant associations with HLA-Cw1 and HLA-DQB1*0303. J Dermatol. 1998;25:573-581. Abstract

58. Larsen CG, Thyssen JP. Pustular penile pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with topical tacrolimus ointment. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:104-105.Full text  Abstract

59. Bennett ML, Jackson JM, Jorizzo JL, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum. A comparison of typical and atypical forms with an emphasis on time to remission. Case review of 86 patients from 2 institutions. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79:37-46. Abstract

60. Nanda S, Reddy BS, Ramji S, et al. Analytical study of pustular eruptions in neonates. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002;19:210-215. Abstract

61. Enfors W, Molin L. Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. A follow-up study of a ten-year material. Acta Derm Venereol. 1971;51(4):289-94 Abstract

62. Raposo I, Torres T. Palmoplantar Psoriasis and Palmoplantar Pustulosis: Current Treatment and Future Prospects. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016 Aug;17(4):349-58.Full text  Abstract

63. Eleftheriou LI, McIntee TJ, Stratman EJ. Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in the treatment of erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:1368-1370. Abstract

64. Odom RB, James WD, Berger TG. Andrew's disease of the skin: clinical dermatology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000.

65. Namazi N, Dadkhahfar S. Impetigo herpetiformis: review of pathogenesis, complication, and treatment. Dermatol Res Pract. 2018;2018:5801280.Full text  Abstract

66. Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP. Dermatology. London: Mosby; 2007.

67. Coquilla BH, Lewis CW. Management of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Mil Med. 1995;160:263-269. Abstract

68. Quarles FN, Brody H, Johnson BA, et al. Pseudofolliculitis barbae. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20:133-136. Abstract

69. Van Praag MC, Van Rooij RW, Folkers E, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pustular disorders in the neonate. Pediatr Dermatol. 1997;14:131-143. Abstract

70. Arduino PG, Porter SR. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: overview on relevant clinico-pathological features. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008 Feb;37(2):107-21. Abstract

71. Rowen JL, Atkins JT, Levy ML, et al. Invasive fungal dermatitis in the < or = 1000-gram neonate. Pediatrics. 1995 May;95(5):682-7.Full text  Abstract

72. Méan M, Marchetti O, Calandra T. Bench-to-bedside review: Candida infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12:204.Full text  Abstract

73. Smolinski KN, Shah SS, Honig PJ, et al. Neonatal cutaneous fungal infections. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17:486-493. Abstract

74. Sidoroff A, Halevy S, Bavinck JN, et al. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) - a clinical reaction pattern. J Cutan Pathol. 2001;28:113-119.Full text  Abstract

75. Tamir E, Wohl Y, Mashiah J, et al. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: a retrospective analysis showing a clear predilection for women. Skinmed. 2006;5:186-188. Abstract

76. Fung MA, Berger TG. A prospective study of acute-onset steroid acne associated with administration of intravenous corticosteroids. Dermatology. 2000;200:43-44. Abstract

77. López-Navarro N, Alcaide A, Gallego E, et al. Amicrobial pustulosis of the folds associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:e561-e563. Abstract

78. Franik G, Bizoń A, Włoch S, et al. Hormonal and metabolic aspects of acne vulgaris in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Jul;22(14):4411-8.Full text  Abstract

79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical features of mpox.​ Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

80. Li P, Li J, Ayada I, et al. Clinical features, antiviral treatment, and patient outcomes: a systematic review and comparative analysis of the previous and the 2022 mpox outbreaks. J Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 16;228(4):391-401.Full text  Abstract

81. Hatami H, Jamshidi P, Arbabi M, et al. Demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of human monkeypox disease pre- and post-2022 outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomedicines. 2023 Mar 20;11(3):957.Full text  Abstract

82. Alves EV, Martins JE, Ribeiro EB, et al. Pityrosporum folliculitis: renal transplantation case report. J Dermatol. 2000;27:49-51. Abstract

83. Schwarz T, Kreiselmaier I, Bieber T, et al. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of 1% pimecrolimus cream in adult patients with perioral dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:34-40. Abstract

84. Boer A, Herder N, Winter K, et al. Herpes folliculitis: clinical, histopathological, and molecular pathologic observations. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:743-746. Abstract

85. Nakamura K, Imakado S, Takizawa M, et al. Exacerbation of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris after topical application of metals accompanied by elevated levels of leukotriene B4 in pustules. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:1021-1025. Abstract

86. Sabota J, Brodell R, Rutecki GW, et al. Severe tinea barbae due to Trichophyton verrucosum infection in dairy farmers. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Dec;23(6):1308-10.Full text  Abstract

87. Yu Y, Cheng AS, Wang L, et al. Hot tub folliculitis or hot hand-foot syndrome caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:596-600. Abstract

88. Moriarty B, Hay R, Morris-Jones R. The diagnosis and management of tinea. BMJ. 2012 Jul 10;345:e4380.Full text  Abstract

89. Poli F, Prost C, Revuz J. Gram-negative bacteria folliculitis [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1988;115:797-800. Abstract

90. Khera P, Haught JM, McSorley J, et al. Atypical presentations of herpesvirus infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:484-486. Abstract

91. World Health Organization. Diagnostic testing for the monkeypox virus (‎MPXV)‎: interim guidance. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

92. Luelmo-Aguilar J, Santandreu MS. Folliculitis: recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:301-310. Abstract

93. Williams HC, Dellavalle RP, Garner S. Acne vulgaris. Lancet. 2012 Jan 28;379(9813):361-72.Full text  Abstract

94. Bundino S, Zina AM, Ubertalli S. Infantile acropustulosis. Dermatologica. 1982;165:615-619. Abstract

95. Sotiriadis D, Patsatsi A, Sotiriou E, et al. Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau on toes successfully treated with a two-compound product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate. J Dermatolog Treat. 2007;18:315-318. Abstract

96. Halevy S, Cohen A, Livni E. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis associated with polysensitivity to paracetamol and bromhexine: the diagnostic role of in vitro interferon-gamma release test. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:652-654. Abstract

97. Weinberg JM, Mysliwiec A, Turiansky GW, et al. Viral folliculitis. Atypical presentation of herpes simplex, herpes zoster and molluscum contagiosum. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:983-986. Abstract

98. Alpsoy E, Zouboulis CC, Ehrlich GE. Mucocutaneous lesions of Behcet's disease. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48:573-585.Full text  Abstract

99. Dahl MV, Jarratt M, Kaplan D, et al. Once-daily topical metronidazole cream formulations in the treatment of the papules and pustules of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:723-730. Abstract

100. UK Health Security Agency. ​Mpox: diagnostic testing. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for collecting and handling specimens for mpox testing. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

102. McQuiston JH, Luce R, Kazadi DM, et al. U.S. preparedness and response to increasing clade I mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - United States, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024 May 16;73(19):435-40.Full text  Abstract

103. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical overview of mpox. Apr 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer