Hypopituitarism

Fleseriu M, Christ-Crain M, Langlois F, et al. Hypopituitarism. Lancet. 2024 Jun 15;403(10444):2632-48. Abstract

Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Full text  Abstract

Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.Full text  Abstract

Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Full text  Abstract

Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Endocr Pract. 2019 Nov;25(11):1191-232.Full text  Abstract

1. Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Dec;55(6):735-40. Abstract

2. Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Lopez-Raton M, Andujar P, et al. Epidemiology, mortality rate and survival in a homogeneous population of hypopituitary patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Feb;78(2):278-84. Abstract

3. Fleseriu M, Christ-Crain M, Langlois F, et al. Hypopituitarism. Lancet. 2024 Jun 15;403(10444):2632-48. Abstract

4. Tritos NA, Miller KK. Diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2023 Apr 25;329(16):1386-98. Abstract

5. Hietamäki J, Kärkinen J, Iivonen AP, et al. Presentation and diagnosis of childhood-onset combined pituitary hormone deficiency: a single center experience from over 30 years. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Jul 18;51:101556.Full text  Abstract

6. Jasim S, Alahdab F, Ahmed AT, et al. Mortality in adults with hypopituitarism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2017 Apr;56(1):33-42. Abstract

7. Nilsson B, Gustavasson-Kadaka E, Bengtsson BA, et al. Pituitary adenomas in Sweden between 1958 and 1991: incidence, survival and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1420-5. Abstract

8. Rosén T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):285-8. Abstract

9. Colao A, Di Somma C, Cuocolo A, et al. The severity of growth hormone deficiency correlates with the severity of cardiac impairment in 100 adult patients with hypopituitarism: an observational, case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):5998-6004. Abstract

10. Gazzaruso C, Gola M, Karamouzis I, et al. Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and following substitution with GH--an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan;99(1):18-29. Abstract

11. Emelifeonwu JA, Flower H, Loan JJ, et al. Prevalence of anterior pituitary dysfunction twelve months or more following traumatic brain injury in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Jan 15;37(2):217-26. Abstract

12. Blair JC. Prevalence, natural history and consequences of posttraumatic hypopituitarism: a case for endocrine surveillance. Br J Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;24(1):10-7. Abstract

13. Greenman Y, Stern N. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):625-38. Abstract

14. Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Full text  Abstract

15. DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, et al. Growth and endocrine sequelae of craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child. 1996 Aug;75(2):108-14. Abstract

16. Lee JS, Kim YH, Koh EJ, et al. Surgical indication of pediatric Rathke's cleft cyst based on a 20-year retrospective cohort. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023 Dec 1;32(6):729-38.Full text  Abstract

17. Sinnott B, Hatipoglu B, Sarne D. Intrasellar plasmacytoma presenting as a non-functional pituitary adenoma: case report & literature review. Pituitary. 2006;9(1):65-72. Abstract

18. He W, Chen F, Dalm B, et al. Metastatic involvement of the pituitary gland: a systematic review with pooled individual patient data analysis. Pituitary. 2015 Feb;18(1):159-68. Abstract

19. Ng S, Fomekong F, Delabar V, et al. Current status and treatment modalities in metastases to the pituitary: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2020 Jan;146(2):219-27. Abstract

20. Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville JF, et al. Pituitary apoplexy. Endocr Rev. 2015 Dec;36(6):622-45.Full text  Abstract

21. Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Mar;72(3):377-82.Full text  Abstract

22. Barkan AL. Pituitary atrophy in patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 1989 Jul;298(1):38-40. Abstract

23. Woodmansee WW. Pituitary disorders in pregnancy. Neurol Clin. 2019 Feb;37(1):63-83. Abstract

24. Post KD, McCormick PC, Bello JA. Differential diagnosis of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Sep;16(3):609-45. Abstract

25. Jenkins PJ, Chew SL, Lowe DG, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: unusual features of a rare disorder. Clin Endocrinol. 1995 May;42(5):529-34. Abstract

26. Molitch ME, Gillam MP. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Horm Res. 2007;68 Suppl 5:145-50. Abstract

27. Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, et al. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Aug;80(8):2302-11. Abstract

28. Dillard T, Yedinak CG, Alumkal J, et al. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis: serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes. Pituitary. 2010;13(1):29-38. Abstract

29. Faje AT, Sullivan R, Lawrence D, et al. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: a detailed longitudinal analysis in a large cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4078-85. Abstract

30. Oliveira C, Mainoli B, Duarte GS, et al. Immune-related serious adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2024 May;80(5):677-84.Full text  Abstract

31. Vardarli I, Tan S, Brandenburg T, et al. Risk and incidence of endocrine immune-related adverse effects under checkpoint inhibitor mono- or combination therapy in solid tumors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Mar 15;109(4):1132-44.Full text  Abstract

32. Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol. 1985 Sep;42(9):909-17. Abstract

33. Kaltsas TB, Powles TB, Evanson J, et al. Hypothalamopituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological and radiological features and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1370-6. Abstract

34. Basaria S, Ayala AR, Guerin C, et al. A rare pituitary lesion. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 Mar;23(3):189-92. Abstract

35. Krishnan G, Mohd Makhatar NH, Ching TH, et al. Primary pituitary tuberculoma with a pituitary apoplexy-like presentation. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2024 Jan 29;2024(1):23-0092.Full text  Abstract

36. Ferreiro J, Vinters HV. Pathology of the pituitary gland in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Pathology. 1988 Jul;20(3):211-5. Abstract

37. Jullien N, Saveanu A, Vergier J, et al. Clinical lessons learned in constitutional hypopituitarism from two decades of experience in a large international cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Feb;94(2):277-89. Abstract

38. Carvalho LR, Woods KS, Mendonca BB, et al. A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J Clin Invest. 2003 Oct;112(8):1192-201. Abstract

39. Wu W, Cogan JD, Pfaffle RW, et al. Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):147-9. Abstract

40. Vallette-Kasic S, Brue T, Pulichino AM, et al. Congenital isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency: an underestimated cause of neonatal death, explained by TPIT gene mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1323-31. Abstract

41. Minniti G, Flickinger J. The risk/benefit ratio of radiotherapy in pituitary tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr;33(2):101269. Abstract

42. Thakur JD, Corlin A, Mallari RJ, et al. Complication avoidance protocols in endoscopic pituitary adenoma surgery: a retrospective cohort study in 514 patients. Pituitary. 2021 Dec;24(6):930-42.Full text  Abstract

43. Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM. Clinical factors involved in the recurrence of pituitary adenomas after surgical remission: a structured review and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2012 Mar;15(1):71-83.Full text  Abstract

44. Leal-Cerro A, Rincón MD, Domingo MP, et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction and brain damage: a consensus statement [in Spanish]. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Jun-Jul;56(6):293-302. Abstract

45. Edwards OM, Clark JD. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986 Sep;65(5):281-90. Abstract

46. Tritos NA, Yuen KC, Kelly DF; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology disease state clinical review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury. Endocr Pract. 2015 Jul;21(7):823-31. Abstract

47. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.Full text  Abstract

48. Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, et al. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Aug;51(2):181-8. Abstract

49. Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, et al. Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug;79(2):348-54. Abstract

50. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumors in adults. Q J Med. 1989 Feb;70(262):145-60. Abstract

51. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Sep;31(3):363-73. Abstract

52. Sklar CA, Antal Z, Chemaitilly W, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary and growth disorders in survivors of childhood cancer: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2761-84.Full text  Abstract

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

54. Sert M, Tetiker T, Kirim S. Clinical report of 28 patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Endocr J. 2003 Jun;50(3):297-301. Abstract

55. Chiloiro S, Giampietro A, Bianchi A, et al. Empty sella syndrome: multiple endocrine disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021;181:29-40. Abstract

56. Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66. Abstract

57. Oelkers W. Hyponatremin and inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in patients with hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 24;321(8):492-6. Abstract

58. Jones SL, Trainer PJ, Perry L, et al. An audit of the insulin tolerance testing adult subjects in an acute investigation unit over one year. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jul;41(1):123-8. Abstract

59. Paragliola RM, Locantore P, Corsello SM, et al. Treating hypopituitarism in the over 65s: review of clinical studies. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Mar 21:18:423-39.Full text  Abstract

60. Wang MTM, Meyer JA, Danesh-Meyer HV. Neuro-ophthalmic evaluation and management of pituitary disease. Eye (Lond). 2024 Aug;38(12):2279-88. Abstract

61. Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91. Abstract

62. Ugga L, Franca RA, Scaravilli A, et al. Neoplasms and tumor-like lesions of the sellar region: imaging findings with correlation to pathology and 2021 WHO classification. Neuroradiology. 2023 Apr;65(4):675-99.Full text  Abstract

63. MacFarlane J, Bashari WA, Senanayake R, et al. Advances in the imaging of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;49(3):357-73. Abstract

64. Pavord SR, Girach A, Price DE, et al. A retrospective audit of the combined pituitary function test using the insulin stress test, TRH and GnRH in a district laboratory. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Feb;36(2):135-9. Abstract

65. Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Full text  Abstract

66. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.Full text  Abstract

67. Zha L, Li J, Krishnan SM, et al. New diagnostic cutoffs for adrenal insufficiency after cosyntropin stimulation using Abbott Architect cortisol immunoassay. Endocr Pract. 2022 Jul;28(7):684-9. Abstract

68. Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):667-75. Abstract

69. Scranton RA, Baskin DS. Impaired pituitary axes following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2015 Jul 13;4(7):1463-79.Full text  Abstract

70. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: neuroendocrine imaging. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

71. Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, et al. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;96(6):1587-609.Full text  Abstract

72. Tan CL, Alavi SA, Baldeweg SE, et al. The screening and management of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in adults: British Neurotrauma Group guidance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Nov;88(11):971-81.Full text  Abstract

73. Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):255-61. Abstract

74. Reincke M, Fleseriu M. Cushing syndrome: a review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):170-81. Abstract

75. Martin MM. Coexisting anterior pituitary and neurohypophyseal insufficiency. A syndrome with diagnostic implication. Arch Intern Med. 1969 Apr;123(4):409-16. Abstract

76. Min L, Hodi FS, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Systemic high-dose corticosteroid treatment does not improve the outcome of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Feb 15;21(4):749-55.Full text  Abstract

77. Albarel F, Gaudy C, Castinetti F, et al. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a common adverse event of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in melanoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Feb;172(2):195-204. Abstract

78. Torgerson DJ, Bell-Seyer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2891-7. Abstract

79. Armitage M, Nooney J, Evans S. Recent concerns surrounding HRT. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):145-55. Abstract

80. Miller KK, Sesmilo G, Schiller A, et al. Androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):561-7. Abstract

81. Cunningham GR, Toma SM. Clinical review: why is androgen replacement in males controversial? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):38-52. Abstract

82. Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):828-37.Full text  Abstract

83. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):109-22.Full text  Abstract

84. Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of testosterone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jul 13;389(2):107-17.Full text  Abstract

85. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging; requires labeling change to inform of possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke with use. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text

86. European Medicines Agency. No consistent evidence of an increased risk of heart problems with testosterone medicines. Nov 2014 [internet publication].Full text

87. Hazem A, Elamin MB, Bancos I, et al. Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jan;166(1):13-20. Abstract

88. Jørgensen AP, Fougner KJ, Ueland T, et al. Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-75. Abstract

89. Carroll PV, Christ ER, Bengtsson BA, et al. Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):382-95.Full text  Abstract

90. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human growth hormone (somatropin) for the treatment of growth failure in children. May 2010 [internet publication].Full text

91. Jasim S, Alahdab F, Ahmed AT, et al. The effect of growth hormone replacement in patients with hypopituitarism on pituitary tumor recurrence, secondary cancer, and stroke. Endocrine. 2017 May;56(2):267-78. Abstract

92. Yuen KCJ, Biller BMK, Radovick S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care. Endocr Pract. 2019 Nov;25(11):1191-232.Full text  Abstract

93. Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):263-8. Abstract

94. Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):3975-4011.Full text  Abstract

95. Johannsson G, Ragnarsson O. Growth hormone deficiency in adults with hypopituitarism-what are the risks and can they be eliminated by therapy? J Intern Med. 2021 Dec;290(6):1180-93.Full text  Abstract

96. Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, et al. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1169-72. Abstract

97. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet. 2001 Feb 10;357(9254):425-31. Abstract