Hepatocellular carcinoma

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Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-65.Full text

Vogel A, Chan SL, Dawson LA, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2025 May;36(5):491-506.Full text

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2025 Feb;82(2):315-74.Full text  Abstract

Su GL, Altayar O, O'Shea R, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2022 Mar;162(3):920-34.Full text  Abstract

Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2024 May 20;42(15):1830-50.Full text  Abstract

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2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hepatocellular carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

3. Baecker A, Liu X, La Vecchia C, et al. Worldwide incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma cases attributable to major risk factors. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2018 May;27(3):205-12.Full text  Abstract

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6. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures. 2025 [internet publication].Full text

7. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-65.Full text

8. El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatology. 2014 Nov;60(5):1767-75.Full text  Abstract

9. White DL, Thrift AP, Kanwal F, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in all 50 United States, from 2000 through 2012. Gastroenterology. 2017 Mar;152(4):812-20;e5.Full text  Abstract

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11. Cancer Research UK. Liver cancer incidence statistics [internet publication].Full text

12. Petrick JL, Florio AA, Znaor A, et al. International trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, 1978-2012. Int J Cancer. 2020 Jul 15;147(2):317-30.Full text  Abstract

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14. Wang SH, Yeh SH, Lin WH, et al. Identification of androgen response elements in the enhancer I of hepatitis B virus: a mechanism for sex disparity in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009 Nov;50(5):1392-402.Full text  Abstract

15. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: an epidemiologic view. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov-Dec;35(5 suppl 2):S72-8. Abstract

16. Yang JD, Mohamed EA, Aziz AO, et al. Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a multicountry observational study from the Africa Liver Cancer Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Feb;2(2):103-11.Full text  Abstract

17. Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Jan 21;7(1):6. Abstract

18. Huang DQ, Singal AG, Kono Y, et al. Changing global epidemiology of liver cancer from 2010 to 2019: NASH is the fastest growing cause of liver cancer. Cell Metab. 2022 Jul 5;34(7):969-77.e2.Full text  Abstract

19. Yuan JM, Govindarajan S, Arakawa K, et al. Synergism of alcohol, diabetes, and viral hepatitis on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks and whites in the U.S. Cancer. 2004 Sep 1;101(5):1009-17.Full text  Abstract

20. Edamoto Y, Hara A, Biernat W, et al. Alterations of RB1, p53 and Wnt pathways in hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C, hepatitis B and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 1;106(3):334-41. Abstract

21. Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2002 Jul;123(1):134-40. Abstract

22. Hassan MM, Spitz MR, Thomas MB, et al. The association of family history of liver cancer with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in the United States. J Hepatol. 2009 Feb;50(2):334-41.Full text  Abstract

23. Erstad DJ, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Molecular signatures in hepatocellular carcinoma: a step toward rationally designed cancer therapy. Cancer. 2018 Aug 1;124(15):3084-104.Full text  Abstract

24. Jicai Z, Zongtao Y, Jun L, et al. Persistent infection of hepatitis B virus is involved in high rate of p16 methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2006 Jul;45(7):530-6. Abstract

25. Lv X, Ye G, Zhang X, et al. p16 Methylation was associated with the development, age, hepatic viruses infection of hepatocellular carcinoma, and p16 expression had a poor survival: a systematic meta-analysis (PRISMA). Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Sep;96(38):e8106.Full text  Abstract

26. Kim H, Lee SA, Kim BJ. X region mutations of hepatitis B virus related to clinical severity. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jun 28;22(24):5467-78.Full text  Abstract

27. Hassan MM, Hwang LY, Hatten CJ, et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5):1206-13.Full text  Abstract

28. Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J. Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2016 Apr;64(1 suppl):S84-101. Abstract

29. Qi LN, Bai T, Chen ZS, et al. The p53 mutation spectrum in hepatocellular carcinoma from Guangxi, China : role of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Liver Int. 2015 Mar;35(3):999-1009. Abstract

30. International Working Party. Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions. Hepatology. 1995 Sep;22(3):983-93. Abstract

31. Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Hosaka T, et al. Dysplastic nodules frequently develop into hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cancer. 2006 Feb 1;106(3):636-47.Full text  Abstract

32. Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: a prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet. 1981 Nov 21;2(8256):1129-33. Abstract

33. Pastras P, Zazas E, Kalafateli M, et al. Predictive risk factors and scoring systems associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Jul 12;16(14):2521.Full text  Abstract

34. Raffetti E, Fattovich G, Donato F. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in untreated subjects with chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2016 Sep;36(9):1239-51.Full text  Abstract

35. Alfaiate D, Clément S, Gomes D, et al. Chronic hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Hepatol. 2020 Sep;73(3):533-9. Abstract

36. Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, et al. Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Jan;68(1):31-54.Full text  Abstract

37. Hu KQ, Tong MJ. The long-term outcomes of patients with compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and history of parenteral exposure in the United States. Hepatology. 1999 Apr;29(4):1311-6. Abstract

38. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development conference statement: management of hepatitis C: 2002--June 10-12, 2002. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 suppl 1):S3-20. Abstract

39. Zarski JP, Bohn B, Bastie A, et al. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol. 1998 Jan;28(1):27-33. Abstract

40. Pawlotsky JM. Pathophysiology of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Trends Microbiol. 2004 Feb;12(2):96-102. Abstract

41. Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5 suppl 1):S87-96. Abstract

42. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5 suppl 1):S27-34. Abstract

43. Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Jul-Aug;60(4):207-21.Full text  Abstract

44. dos Santos Silva I, Malveiro F, Jones ME, et al. Mortality after radiological investigation with radioactive Thorotrast: a follow-up study of up to fifty years in Portugal. Radiat Res. 2003 Apr;159(4):521-34. Abstract

45. Asare GA, Mossanda KS, Kew MC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma caused by iron overload: a possible mechanism of direct hepatocarcinogenicity. Toxicology. 2006 Feb 15;219(1-3):41-52. Abstract

46. El-Zayadi AR. Heavy smoking and liver. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 14;12(38):6098-101.Full text  Abstract

47. Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Wakai K, et al; Research Group for the Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan. Cigarette smoking and liver cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among Japanese. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul;36(7):445-56.Full text  Abstract

48. Chan KH, Wright N, Xiao D, et al. Tobacco smoking and risks of more than 470 diseases in China: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2022 Dec;7(12):e1014-26.Full text  Abstract

49. Perlmutter DH. Liver injury in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: an aggregated protein induces mitochondrial injury. J Clin Invest. 2002 Dec;110(11):1579-83.Full text  Abstract

50. Baravelli CM, Sandberg S, Aarsand AK, et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and premature death: a nationwide cohort study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019 Apr 3;14(1):77.Full text  Abstract

51. Gisbert JP, García-Buey L, Alonso A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Jul;16(7):689-92. Abstract

52. Suzuki A, Lymp J, Donlinger J, et al. Clinical predictors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Feb;5(2):259-64. Abstract

53. Fung BM, Lindor KD, Tabibian JH. Cancer risk in primary sclerosing cholangitis: epidemiology, prevention, and surveillance strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Feb 14;25(6):659-71.Full text  Abstract

54. Pinazo-Bandera JM, García-Cortés M, Segovia-Zafra A, et al. Recreational drugs and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Nov 2;14(21):5395.Full text  Abstract

55. Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, La Spada E, et al. Sex hormones and risk of liver tumor. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov;1089:228-36. Abstract

56. An N. Oral contraceptives use and liver cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Oct;94(43):e1619.Full text  Abstract

57. Watling CZ, Sweetland S, Wojt A, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of liver cancer: a population-based study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2025 Aug;26(8):1031-42.Full text  Abstract

58. Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2018 Aug 22;12(1):33-4.Full text  Abstract

59. Vogel A, Chan SL, Dawson LA, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2025 May;36(5):491-506.Full text

60. World Health Organization. Fact sheets: hepatitis C. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

61. Simon TG, Duberg AS, Aleman S, et al. Association of aspirin with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related mortality. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):1018-28.Full text  Abstract

62. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2025 Feb;82(2):315-74.Full text  Abstract

63. Colli A, Nadarevic T, Miletic D, et al. Abdominal ultrasound and alpha-foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;(4):CD013346.Full text  Abstract

64. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: staging and follow-up of primary liver cancer. 2025 [internet publication].Full text

65. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;101(3):513-23. Abstract

66. Lee CW, Tsai HI, Lee WC, et al. Normal alpha-fetoprotein hepatocellular carcinoma: are they really normal? J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 19;8(10):1736.Full text  Abstract

67. Gupta S, Bent S, Kohlwes J. Test characteristics of alpha-fetoprotein for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C. A systematic review and critical analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jul 1;139(1):46-50.Full text  Abstract

68. Soresi M, Magliarisi C, Campagna P, et al. Usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;23(2c):1747-53. Abstract

69. Nadarevic T, Giljaca V, Colli A, et al. Computed tomography for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 6;(10):CD013362.Full text  Abstract

70. Fraquelli M, Nadarevic T, Colli A, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep 2;9(9):CD013483.Full text  Abstract

71. Nadarevic T, Colli A, Giljaca V, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 6;(5):CD014798.Full text  Abstract

72. Chaudhari VA, Khobragade K, Bhandare M, et al. Management of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct;7(5):51. Abstract

73. American College of Radiology. Liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS®) [internet publication].Full text

74. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 14;334(11):693-9.Full text  Abstract

75. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology. 2001 Jun;33(6):1394-403.Full text  Abstract

76. Yao FY, Xiao L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: validation of the UCSF-expanded criteria based on preoperative imaging. Am J Transplant. 2007 Nov;7(11):2587-96.Full text  Abstract

77. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022 Mar;76(3):681-93.Full text  Abstract

78. The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Investigators. Prospective validation of the CLIP score: a new prognostic system for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2000 Apr;31(4):840-5.Full text  Abstract

79. Sharma P, Balan V, Hernandez JL, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: the MELD impact. Liver Transpl. 2004 Jan;10(1):36-41.Full text  Abstract

80. Teh SH, Christein J, Donohue J, et al. Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Dec;9(9):1207-15. Abstract

81. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network - OPTN. Liver & intestine. July 2022 [internet publication].Full text

82. Elsayes KM, Kielar AZ, Agrons MM, et al. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: an expert consensus statement. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2017 Feb 17;4:29-39.Full text  Abstract

83. Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014 Apr 1;11(4):e1001624.Full text  Abstract

84. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018 May;154(6):1706-18.Full text  Abstract

85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ​Hepatitis B (chronic): diagnosis and management. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

86. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cirrhosis in over 16s​: assessment and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

87. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):182-236.Full text  Abstract

88. Papatheodoridis G, Dalekos G, Sypsa V, et al. PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy. J Hepatol. 2016 Apr;64(4):800-6. Abstract

89. Ilagan-Ying YC, Gordon KS, Tate JP, et al. Risk score for hepatocellular cancer in adults without viral hepatitis or cirrhosis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Nov 4;7(11):e2443608.Full text  Abstract

90. Margarit C, Escartin A, Castells L, et al. Resection for hepatocellular carcinoma is a good option in Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A patients with cirrhosis who are eligible for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005 Oct;11(10):1242-51.Full text  Abstract

91. Aliseda D, Zozaya G, Martí-Cruchaga P, et al. The impact of portal hypertension assessment method on the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma resection: a meta-analysis of matched cohort and prospective studies. Ann Surg. 2024 Jul 1;280(1):46-55. Abstract

92. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation. Ann Surg. 2002 Mar;235(3):373-82.Full text  Abstract

93. Zhou YM, Shao WY, Zhao YF, et al. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Jul;56(7):1937-43. Abstract

94. Li N, Wu YR, Wu B, et al. Surgical and oncologic outcomes following laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2012 Jan;42(1):51-9. Abstract

95. Wang Y, Luo Q, Deng S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinomas: a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 3;9(1):e84484.Full text  Abstract

96. Majumdar A, Roccarina D, Thorburn D, et al. Management of people with early- or very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: an attempted network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 28;(3):CD011650.Full text  Abstract

97. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Management of liver cancer. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

98. Facciorusso A, Abd El Aziz MA, Tartaglia N, et al. Microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec 16;12(12).Full text  Abstract

99. Dou Z, Lu F, Ren L, et al. Efficacy and safety of microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jul 29;101(30):e29321.Full text  Abstract

100. Abdalla M, Collings AT, Dirks R, et al. Surgical approach to microwave and radiofrequency liver ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases less than 5 cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2023 May;37(5):3340-53. Abstract

101. Ceppa EP, Collings AT, Abdalla M, et al. SAGES/AHPBA guidelines for the use of microwave and radiofrequency liver ablation for the surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma or colorectal liver metastases less than 5 cm. Surg Endosc. 2023 Dec;37(12):8991-9000. Abstract

102. Claasen MPAW, Sneiders D, Rakké YS, et al. European Society of Organ Transplantation (ESOT) consensus report on downstaging, bridging and Immunotherapy in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transpl Int. 2023 Sep 14;36:11648.Full text  Abstract

103. Tabrizian P, Holzner ML, Mehta N, et al. Ten-year outcomes of liver transplant and downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Surg. 2022 Sep 1;157(9):779-88.Full text  Abstract

104. Zhu B, Wang J, Li H, et al. Living or deceased organ donors in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford). 2019 Feb;21(2):133-47.Full text  Abstract

105. Suddle A, Reeves H, Hubner R, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Gut. 2024 Jul 11;73(8):1235-68.Full text  Abstract

106. Vilgrain, V, Pereira, H, Assenat, E et al; SARAH Trial Group. Efficacy and safety of selective internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 resin microspheres compared with sorafenib in locally advanced and inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (SARAH): an open-label randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Dec;18(12):1624-36. Abstract

107. Chow PKH, Gandhi M, Tan SB, et al; Asia-Pacific Hepatocellular Carcinoma Trials Group. SIRveNIB: selective internal radiation therapy versus sorafenib in Asia-Pacific patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jul 1;36(19):1913-21.Full text  Abstract

108. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Selective internal radiation therapies for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Jul 2024 [internet publication].Full text

109. Wade R, South E, Anwer S, et al. Ablative and non-surgical therapies for early and very early hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2023 Dec;27(29):1-172.Full text  Abstract

110. Sala M, Llovet JM, Vilana R, et al; Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer Group. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2004 Dec;40(6):1352-60.Full text  Abstract

111. Llovet JM, Bruix J; Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresected hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology. 2003 Feb;37(2):429-42.Full text  Abstract

112. Lammer J, Malagari K, Vogl T, et al; PRECISION V Investigators. Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010 Feb;33(1):41-52.Full text  Abstract

113. Tsurusaki M, Murakami T. Surgical and locoregional therapy of HCC: TACE. Liver Cancer. 2015 Sep;4(3):165-75.Full text  Abstract

114. Wang W, Shi J, Xie WF. Transarterial chemoembolization in combination with percutaneous ablation therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2010 May;30(5):741-9. Abstract

115. Hyun MH, Lee YS, Kim JH, et al. Hepatic resection compared to chemoembolization in intermediate- to advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of high-quality studies. Hepatology. 2018 Sep;68(3):977-93. Abstract

116. Sonbol MB, Riaz IB, Naqvi SAA, et al. Systemic therapy and sequencing options in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Dec 1;6(12):e204930.Full text  Abstract

117. Su GL, Altayar O, O'Shea R, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2022 Mar;162(3):920-34.Full text  Abstract

118. Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2024 May 20;42(15):1830-50.Full text  Abstract

119. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 14;382(20):1894-905.Full text  Abstract

120. Li D, Toh HC, Merle P, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results from older adults enrolled in the IMbrave150 randomized clinical trial. Liver Cancer. 2022 Dec;11(6):558-71.Full text  Abstract

121. Cheng AL, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2022 Apr;76(4):862-73.Full text  Abstract

122. Fulgenzi CAM, Scheiner B, D'Alessio A, et al. Immunotherapy vs best supportive care for patients with hepatocellular cancer with Child-Pugh B dysfunction. JAMA Oncol. 2024 Sep 1;10(9):1253-8.Full text  Abstract

123. Abou-Alfa GK, Lau G, Kudo M, et al. for the HIMALAYA Investigators. Tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. NEJM Evid. 2022 Aug;1(8):EVIDoa2100070.Full text

124. Sangro B, Galle PR, Kelley RK, et al. Patient-reported outcomes from the phase III HIMALAYA study of tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Aug 10;42(23):2790-9.Full text  Abstract

125. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al; SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 24;359(4):378-90.Full text  Abstract

126. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Jan;10(1):25-34. Abstract

127. Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin S, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1163-73. Abstract

128. Uekusa S, Nakashin M, Hanai Y, et al. Risk factors for lenvatinib-induced hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2025 Mar;91(3):894-902.Full text  Abstract

129. Qin S, Kudo M, Meyer T, et al. Tislelizumab vs sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2023 Dec 1;9(12):1651-9.Full text  Abstract

130. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atezolizumab with bevacizumab for treating advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

131. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Sorafenib for treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

132. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lenvatinib for untreated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

133. Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced and progressing hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 5;379(1):54-63.Full text  Abstract

134. Bruix J, Qin S, Merle P, et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389(10064):56-66. Abstract

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