Cushing syndrome

Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):847-75.Full text  Abstract

Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):2807-31.Full text  Abstract

Feelders RA, Newell-Price J, Pivonello R, et al. Advances in the medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Apr;7(4):300-12. Abstract

1. Gadelha M, Gatto F, Wildemberg LE, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2023 Dec 9;402(10418):2237-52. Abstract

2. Reincke M, Fleseriu M. Cushing syndrome: a review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):170-81. Abstract

3. Sharma ST, Nieman LK, Feelders RA. Cushing's syndrome: epidemiology and developments in disease management. Clin Epidemiol. 2015 Apr 17;7:281-93.Full text  Abstract

4. Ferrau F, Korbonits M. Metabolic comorbidities in Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M133-57.Full text  Abstract

5. Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, et al. European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Oct 1;179(4):G1-46.Full text  Abstract

6. Hakami OA, Ahmed S, Karavitaki N. Epidemiology and mortality of Cushing's syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Jan;35(1):101521. Abstract

7. Anderson GH Jr, Blankeman N, Streeten DH. The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens. 1994 May;12(5):609-15. Abstract

8. Omura M, Saito J, Yamaguchi K, et al. Prospective study on the prevalence of secondary hypertension among hypertensive patients visiting a general outpatient clinic in Japan. Hypertens Res. 2004 Mar;27(3):193-202.Full text  Abstract

9. Vaidya A, Hamrahian A, Bancos I, et al. The evaluation of incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr Pract. 2019 Feb;25(2):178-92. Abstract

10. Chiodini I, Mascia ML, Muscarella S, et al. Subclinical hypercortisolism among outpatients referred for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 16;147(8):541-8. Abstract

11. Mehta GU, Lonser RR. Management of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Neuro Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;19(6):762-73.Full text  Abstract

12. Ben-Shlomo A, Cooper O. Silent corticotroph adenomas. Pituitary. 2018 Apr;21(2):183-93. Abstract

13. Perez-Rivas LG, Reincke M. Genetics of Cushing's disease: an update. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Jan;39(1):29-35. Abstract

14. Duan K, Gomez Hernandez K, Mete O. Clinicopathological correlates of adrenal Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 2015 Mar;68(3):175-86.Full text  Abstract

15. Hopkins RL, Leinung MC. Exogenous Cushing's syndrome and glucocorticoid withdrawal. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;34(2):371-84, ix. Abstract

16. Mebrahtu TF, Morgan AW, Keeley A, et al. Dose dependency of iatrogenic glucocorticoid excess and adrenal insufficiency and mortality: a cohort study in England. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr 22;104(9):3757-67.Full text  Abstract

17. Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Full text  Abstract

18. Fassnacht M, Puglisi S, Kimpel O, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: a practical guide for clinicians. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 May;13(5):438-52.Full text  Abstract

19. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.Full text  Abstract

20. Brzana J, Yedinak CG, Hameed N, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and Cushing's syndrome: a persistent diagnostic quandary. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Apr;175:145-8. Abstract

21. Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):847-75.Full text  Abstract

22. Nieman L. Cushing's: update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M33-8.Full text  Abstract

23. Galm BP, Qiao N, Klibanski A, et al. Accuracy of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jun 1;105(6):2081-94.Full text  Abstract

24. American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

25. Carroll TB, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2009 May-Jun;15(4):335-42. Abstract

26. Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3647-55.Full text  Abstract

27. Zhang Q, Dou J, Gu W, et al. Reassessing the reliability of the salivary cortisol assay for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2013 Oct;41(5):1387-94.Full text  Abstract

28. Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, Findling JW, et al. High variability in baseline urinary free cortisol values in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Feb;80(2):261-9.Full text  Abstract

29. Elias PC, Martinez EZ, Barone BF, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol has a better performance than urinary free cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):2045-51.Full text  Abstract

30. Sandouk Z, Johnston P, Bunch D, et al. Variability of late-night salivary cortisol in Cushing disease: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Mar 1;103(3):983-90.Full text  Abstract

31. Keller J, Flores B, Gomez RG, et al. Cortisol circadian rhythm alterations in psychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 1;60(3):275-81. Abstract

32. Carroll BJ, Cassidy F, Naftolowitz D, et al. Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;(433):90-103. Abstract

33. Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2681-6.Full text  Abstract

34. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors [internet publication].Full text

35. Else T, Kim AC, Sabolch A, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Rev. 2014 Apr;35(2):282-326.Full text  Abstract

36. Grober Y, Grober H, Wintermark M, et al. Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 2017 Apr 28:1-7. Abstract

37. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, et al. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev. 1998 Oct;19(5):647-72.Full text  Abstract

38. Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW. Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1780-5.Full text  Abstract

39. Raff H, Findling JW. A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jun 17;138(12):980-91. Abstract

40. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991 Sep 26;325(13):897-905.Full text  Abstract

41. Doppman JL, Pass HI, Nieman LK, et al. Detection of ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumors: MR imaging vs CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Jan;156(1):39-43.Full text  Abstract

42. Pacak K, Ilias I, Chen CC, et al. The role of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and (111)In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-D-Phe-pentetreotide scintigraphy in the localization of ectopic adrenocorticotropin-secreting tumors causing Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2214-21.Full text  Abstract

43. Panagiotidis E, Alshammari A, Michopoulou S, et al. Comparison of the impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT on clinical management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2017 Jan;58(1):91-6.Full text  Abstract

44. Santhanam P, Taieb D, Giovanella L, et al. PET imaging in ectopic Cushing syndrome: a systematic review. Endocrine. 2015 Nov;50(2):297-305. Abstract

45. Barrio M, Czernin J, Fanti S, et al. The impact of somatostatin receptor-directed PET/CT on the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2017 May;58(5):756-61. Abstract

46. Elenius H, McGlotten R, Hoang CD, et al. Prospective evaluation of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-DOPA PET scans in detecting tumors causing ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Feb 28:dgaf114. Abstract

47. Delivanis DA, Athimulam S, Bancos I. Modern management of mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Dec;106(6):1209-21. Abstract

48. Fassnacht M, Tsagarakis S, Terzolo M, et al. European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 Jul 20;189(1):G1-42.Full text  Abstract

49. Braun LT, Vogel F, Nowak E, et al. Frequency of clinical signs in patients with Cushing's syndrome and mild autonomous cortisol secretion: overlap is common. Eur J Endocrinol. 2024 Sep 30;191(4):473-9. Abstract

50. Masserini B, Morelli V, Bergamaschi S, et al. The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jan;160(1):87-92.Full text  Abstract

51. Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Colao A. How should patients with adrenal incidentalomas be followed up? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 May;2(5):352-4. Abstract

52. Stratakis CA. Skin manifestations of Cushing's syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016 Sep;17(3):283-6.Full text  Abstract

53. Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, et al. Glucose metabolism abnormalities in Cushing syndrome: from molecular basis to clinical management. Endocr Rev. 2017 Jun 1;38(3):189-219.Full text  Abstract

54. Steffensen C, Pereira AM, Dekkers OM, et al. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: prevalence of hypercortisolism in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Dec;175(6):R247-53.Full text  Abstract

55. Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, et al. Complications of Cushing's syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Jul;4(7):611-29. Abstract

56. Dorn LD, Burgess ES, Dubbert B, et al. Psychopathology in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome: 'atypical' or melancholic features. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995 Oct;43(4):433-42. Abstract

57. Bourdeau I, Bard C, Forget H, et al. Cognitive function and cerebral assessment in patients who have Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;34(2):357-69;ix. Abstract

58. van der Pas R, Leebeek FW, Hofland LJ, et al. Hypercoagulability in Cushing's syndrome: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Apr;78(4):481-8.Full text  Abstract

59. Stuijver DJ, van Zaane B, Feelders RA, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with Cushing's syndrome: a multicenter cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Nov;96(11):3525-32.Full text  Abstract

60. Pecori Giraldi F, Moro M, Cavagnini F, et al. Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1554-8.Full text  Abstract

61. Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun;4(6):344-50. Abstract

62. Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1553-62.Full text  Abstract

63. Invitti C, Pecori Giraldi F, Dubini A, et al. Increased urinary free cortisol and decreased serum corticosteroid-binding globulin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 Jul;125(1):28-32. Abstract

64. Varlamov E, Hinojosa-Amaya JM, Stack M, et al. Diagnostic utility of Gallium-68-somatostatin receptor PET/CT in ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors: a systematic literature review and single-center clinical experience. Pituitary. 2019 Oct;22(5):445-55. Abstract

65. Cavicchioli M, Bitencourt AGV, Lima ENP. (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT versus (111)In-octreotide scintigraphy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: a prospective study. Radiol Bras. 2022 Jan-Feb;55(1):13-8.Full text  Abstract

66. Rowe NE, Kumar RM, Schieda N, et al. Canadian Urological Association guideline: diagnosis, management, and followup of the incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Can Urol Assoc J. 2023 Feb;17(2):12-24.Full text  Abstract

67. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: adrenal mass evaluation. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

68. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):2807-31.Full text  Abstract

69. Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG 2nd, et al. Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med. 1999 May 18;130(10):821-4. Abstract

70. Broersen LHA, Biermasz NR, van Furth WR, et al. Endoscopic vs. microscopic transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2018 Oct;21(5):524-34.Full text  Abstract

71. Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Dec;89(12):6348-57.Full text  Abstract

72. Abu Dabrh AM, Singh Ospina NM, Al Nofal A, et al. Predictors of biochemical remission and recurrence after surgical and radiation treatments of Cushing disease: a systematic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2016 Apr;22(4):466-75. Abstract

73. Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP, et al. Late recurrences of Cushing's disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb;93(2):358-62.Full text  Abstract

74. Fleseriu M, Hamrahian AH, Hoffman AR, et al; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: diagnosis of recurrence in Cushing disease. Endocr Pract. 2016 Dec;22(12):1436-48. Abstract

75. Sughrue ME, Shah JK, Devin JK, et al. Utility of the immediate postoperative cortisol concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2010 Sep;67(3):688-95. Abstract

76. Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J, et al. Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary. 2013 Dec;16(4):452-8. Abstract

77. Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, et al. European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint clinical guideline: diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Jun 17;109(7):1657-83.Full text  Abstract

78. Danet-Lamasou M, Asselineau J, Perez P, et al. Accuracy of repeated measurements of late-night salivary cortisol to screen for early-stage recurrence of Cushing's disease following pituitary surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Feb;82(2):260-6. Abstract

79. Braun LT, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, et al. Recurrence after pituitary surgery in adult Cushing's disease: a systematic review on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrine. 2020 Nov;70(2):218-31.Full text  Abstract

80. Reincke M, Ritzel K, Osswald A, et al. A critical re-appraisal of bilateral adrenalectomy for ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;173(4):M23-32.Full text  Abstract

81. Broersen LHA, Jha M, Biermasz NR, et al. Effectiveness of medical treatment for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2018 Dec;21(6):631-41.Full text  Abstract

82. Kiernan CM, Solórzano CC. Surgical approach to patients with hypercortisolism. Gland Surg. 2020 Feb;9(1):59-68.Full text  Abstract

83. Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Treatment of Cushing's disease: a mechanistic update. J Endocrinol. 2014 Nov;223(2):R19-39.Full text  Abstract

84. Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK, et al. Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 1989 Oct;71(4):520-7. Abstract

85. Benveniste RJ, King WA, Walsh J, et al. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery to treat recurrent or residual pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2005 Jun;102(6):1004-12. Abstract

86. Hofmann BM, Hlavac M, Kreutzer J, et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent Cushing's disease. Neurosurgery. 2006 Jun;58(6):1108-18. Abstract

87. Varlamov EV, McCartney S, Fleseriu M. Functioning pituitary adenomas - current treatment options and emerging medical therapies. Eur Endocrinol. 2019 Apr;15(1):30-40.Full text  Abstract

88. Feelders RA, Newell-Price J, Pivonello R, et al. Advances in the medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Apr;7(4):300-12. Abstract

89. Hinojosa-Amaya JM, Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Medical management of Cushing's syndrome: current and emerging treatments. Drugs. 2019 Jun;79(9):935-56. Abstract

90. Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, et al. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):914-24.Full text  Abstract

91. Lacroix A, Gu F, Gallardo W, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-monthly pasireotide in Cushing's disease: a 12 month clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Jan;6(1):17-26. Abstract

92. Simeoli C, Auriemma RS, Tortora F, et al. The treatment with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: effects of long-term treatment on tumor mass in the experience of a single center. Endocrine. 2015 Dec;50(3):725-40. Abstract

93. Findling JW, Fleseriu M, Newell-Price J, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol may be valuable for assessing treatment response in patients with Cushing's disease: 12-month, phase III pasireotide study. Endocrine. 2016 Nov;54(2):516-23.Full text  Abstract

94. Trementino L, Michetti G, Angeletti A, et al. A single-center 10-year experience with pasireotide in Cushing's disease: patients' characteristics and outcome. Horm Metab Res. 2016 May;48(5):290-8.Full text  Abstract

95. Petersenn S, Fleseriu M. Pituitary-directed medical therapy in Cushing's disease. Pituitary. 2015 Apr;18(2):238-44. Abstract

96. Palui R, Sahoo J, Kamalanathan S, et al. Effect of cabergoline monotherapy in Cushing's disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2018 Dec;41(12):1445-55. Abstract

97. Muthukuda DT, Liyanaarachchi KD, Jayawickreme KP, et al. Etomidate in severe Cushing syndrome: a systematic review. J Endocr Soc. 2025 Mar 3;9(4):bvaf039.Full text  Abstract

98. Pivonello R, Fleseriu M, Newell-Price J, et al. Efficacy and safety of osilodrostat in patients with Cushing's disease (LINC 3): a multicentre phase III study with a double-blind, randomised withdrawal phase. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Sep;8(9):748-61. Abstract

99. Castinetti F, Guignat L, Giraud P, et al. Ketoconazole in Cushing's disease: is it worth a try? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;99(5):1623-30.Full text  Abstract

100. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that prescribing of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets for unapproved uses including skin and nail infections continues; linked to patient death. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

101. Fleseriu M, Castinetti F. Updates on the role of adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing's syndrome: a focus on novel therapies. Pituitary. 2016 Dec;19(6):643-53.Full text  Abstract

102. Fleseriu M, Pivonello R, Elenkova A, et al. Efficacy and safety of levoketoconazole in the treatment of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (SONICS): a phase 3, multicentre, open-label, single-arm trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Nov;7(11):855-65. Abstract

103. Zacharieva SZ, Pivonello R, Elenkova A, et al. MON-332 safety and efficacy of levoketoconazole in the treatment of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (LOGICS): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal study. J Endocr Soc. 2020 May 8;4(suppl 1):MON-332.Full text

104. Fleseriu M, Findling JW, Koch CA, et al. Changes in plasma ACTH levels and corticotroph tumor size in patients with Cushing's disease during long-term treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3718-27.Full text  Abstract

105. Fleseriu M, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al; SEISMIC Study Investigators. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):2039-49.Full text  Abstract

106. Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, et al. Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Jul;81(7):2647-52.Full text  Abstract

107. Castinetti F, Nagai M, Dufour H, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Jan;156(1):91-8.Full text  Abstract

108. Devin JK, Allen GS, Cmelak AJ, et al. The efficacy of linear accelerator radiosurgery in the management of patients with Cushing's disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2004;82(5-6):254-62. Abstract

109. Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, et al. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 16;336(3):172-7.Full text  Abstract

110. Starke RM, Williams BJ, Vance ML, et al. Radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of Cushing's disease: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Aug;17(4):356-64. Abstract

111. Neychev V, Steinberg SM, Yang L, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy measured by disease-specific questionnaire in a unique group of patients with Cushing's syndrome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 Dec;22 Suppl 3:S699-706. Abstract

112. Ritzel K, Beuschlein F, Mickisch A, et al. Clinical review: outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;98(10):3939-48.Full text  Abstract

113. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov;101(11):3888-921.Full text  Abstract

114. Cohan P, East HE, Galati SJ, et al. Mifepristone treatment in four cases of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Dec 1;104(12):6279-90.Full text  Abstract

115. Ruddiman KR, Price CE, Bonnecaze AK. A case of severe Cushing syndrome due to metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma treated with osilodrostat. AACE Clin Case Rep. 2025 Jan-Feb;11(1):53-7.Full text  Abstract

116. Pivonello R, Bancos I, Feelders RA, et al. Relacorilant, a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, induces clinical improvements in patients with Cushing syndrome: results from a prospective, open-label phase 2 study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 14;12:662865.Full text  Abstract

117. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors [internet publication].Full text

118. Yip L, Duh QY, Wachtel H, et al. American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for adrenalectomy: executive summary. JAMA Surg. 2022 Oct 1;157(10):870-7. Abstract

119. De Tommasi C, Vance ML, Okonkwo DO, et al. Surgical management of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting macroadenomas: outcome and challenges in patients with Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome. J Neurosurg. 2005 Nov;103(5):825-30. Abstract

120. Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and common carotid artery caliber and stiffness in patients with Cushing's disease during active disease and 1 year after disease remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jun;88(6):2527-33.Full text  Abstract

121. Van der Klaauw AA, Kars M, Biermasz NR, et al. Disease-specific impairments in quality of life during long-term follow-up of patients with different pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Nov;69(5):775-84. Abstract

122. Knoble N, Nayroles G, Cheng C, et al. Illustration of patient-reported outcome challenges and solutions in rare diseases: a systematic review in Cushing's syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2018 Dec 19;13(1):228.Full text  Abstract

123. Petersenn S, Beckers A, Ferone D, et al. Therapy of endocrine disease: outcomes in patients with Cushing's disease undergoing transsphenoidal surgery: systematic review assessing criteria used to define remission and recurrence. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 June;172(6):R227-39.Full text  Abstract

124. Blevins LS Jr, Christy JH, Khajavi M, et al. Outcomes of therapy for Cushing's disease due to adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jan;83(1):63-7.Full text  Abstract

125. Qiao N. Outcome of endoscopic vs microsurgical transsphenoidal resection for Cushing's disease. Endocr Connect. 2018 Jan;7(1):R26-37.Full text  Abstract

126. Dhandapani S, Narayanan R, Jayant SS, et al. Endonasal endoscopic versus microscopic transsphenoidal surgery in pituitary tumors among the young: a comparative study & meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021 Jan;200:106411. Abstract

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