References
Reference articles
1. Public Health Service; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories 5th edition. December 2009 [internet publication].Full text
2. Silverman MA, Misasi J, Smole S, et al. Eastern equine encephalitis in children, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, USA, 1970-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Feb;19(2):194-201.Full text Abstract
3. Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC. Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. J Virol. 2010 Jan;84(2):1014-25.Full text Abstract
4. Mancao MY, Imran H, Chandra S, et al. Eastern equine encephalitis virus infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 5-month-old infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Jun;28(6):543-5. Abstract
5. Calisher CH. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Jan;7(1):89-116.Full text Abstract
6. Casals J. Antigenic variants of eastern equine encephalitis virus. J Exp Med. 1964 Apr 1;119:547-65.Full text Abstract
7. Komar N, Spielman A. Emergence of eastern encephalitis in Massachusetts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Dec 15;740:157-68. Abstract
8. Goldfield M, Sussman O. The 1959 outbreak of Eastern encephalitis in New Jersey. I. Introduction and description of outbreak. Am J Epidemiol. 1968 Jan;87(1):1-10. Abstract
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Eastern equine encephalitis: statistics and maps. June 2020 [internet publication].Full text
10. Martin E. Eastern equine encephalitis in the Northeast. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text
11. Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, et al. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics. 2014 Sep;134(3):e642-50.Full text Abstract
12. Mitchell CJ, Niebylski ML, Smith GC, et al. Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes albopictus in Florida. Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):526-7. Abstract
13. Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, et al. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Apr;68(4):495-500.Full text Abstract
14. Crans WJ, McNelly J, Schulze TL, et al. Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes sollicitans during an epizootic in southern New Jersey. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1986 Mar;2(1):68-72. Abstract
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Eastern equine encephalitis. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text
16. Carrera JP, Forrester N, Wang E, et al. Eastern equine encephalitis in Latin America. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):732-44.Full text Abstract
17. Vittor AY, Armien B, Gonzalez P, et al. Epidemiology of emergent Madariaga encephalitis in a region with endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis: initial host studies and human cross-sectional study in Darien, Panama. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Apr 21;10(4):e0004554.Full text Abstract
18. Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm D, et al. Susceptibility of Peruvian mosquitoes to eastern equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol. 2008 Jul;45(4):720-5.Full text Abstract
19. Monath TP, Sabattini MS, Pauli R, et al. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. IV. Serologic surveys and sentinel equine program. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985 Sep;34(5):966-75. Abstract
20. Molaei G, Thomas MC, Muller T, et al. Dynamics of vector-host interactions in avian communities in four eastern equine encephalitis virus foci in the Northeastern U.S. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jan 11;10(1):e0004347.Full text Abstract
21. Deardorff ER, Weaver SC. Vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus for equine-virulent subtype IE strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Jun;82(6):1047-52.Full text Abstract
22. Taylor KG, Paessler S. Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Vet Microbiol. 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):145-50. Abstract
23. Griffin DE. Alphaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields virology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:659-660.
24. Gardner CL, Burke CW, Tesfay MZ, et al. Eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses differ in their ability to infect dendritic cells and macrophages: impact of altered cell tropism on pathogenesis. J Virol. 2008 Nov;82(21):10634-46.Full text Abstract
25. Leung JY, Ng MM, Chu JJ. Replication of alphaviruses: a review on the entry process of alphaviruses into cells. Adv Virol. 2011;2011:249640.Full text Abstract
26. Gardner CL, Yin J, Burke CW, et al. Type I interferon induction is correlated with attenuation of a South American eastern equine encephalitis virus strain in mice. Virology. 2009 Aug 1;390(2):338-47.Full text Abstract
27. Hyde JL, Gardner CL, Kimura T, et al. A viral RNA structural element alters host recognition of nonself RNA. Science. 2014 Feb 14;343(6172):783-7.Full text Abstract
28. Sherwood JA, Oliver J. Eastern equine encephalitis incubation time periods of 5 and 8 days. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Apr;34(4):459-60. Abstract
29. Rochlin I, Harding K, Ginsberg HS, et al. Comparative analysis of distribution and abundance of West Nile and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus vectors in Suffolk County, New York, using human population density and land use/cover data. J Med Entomol. 2008 May;45(3):563-71.Full text Abstract
30. Reed DS, Lackemeyer MG, Garza NL, et al. Severe encephalitis in cynomolgus macaques exposed to aerosolized Eastern equine encephalitii virus. J Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;196(3):441-50.Full text Abstract
31. Honnold SP, Mossel EC, Bakken RR, et al. Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice I: clinical course and outcome are dependent on route of exposure. Virol J. 2015 Sep 29;12:152.Full text Abstract
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Yellow Book. Chapter 3 - Mosquitoes, ticks & other arthopods. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
33. Rusnak JM, Kortepeter MG, Hawley RJ, et al. Risk of occupationally acquired illnesses from biological threat agents in unvaccinated laboratory workers. Biosecur Bioterror. 2004;2(4):281-93. Abstract
34. Bowen GS, Fashinell TR, Dean PB, et al. Clinical aspects of human Venezulean equine encephalitis in Texas. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1976;10(1):46-57. Abstract
35. Davis LE, Beckham JD, Tyler KL. North American encephalitic arboviruses. Neurol Clin. 2008 Aug;26(3):727-57, ix.Full text Abstract
36. Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, et al. Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jun 26;336(26):1867-74.Full text Abstract
37. Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, et al. Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Aug;17(8):999-e57.Full text Abstract
38. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;39(9):1267-84.Full text Abstract
39. Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):347-73.Full text Abstract
40. Bhigjee AI, Padayachee R, Paruk H, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: clinical and laboratory parameters. Int J Infect Dis. 2007 Jul;11(4):348-54.Full text Abstract
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Arboviral diseases, neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive: 2015 case definition. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 13 October 2016).Full text
42. Freedman SB, Adler M, Seshadri R, et al. Oral ondansetron for gastroenteritis in a pediatric emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 20;354(16):1698-705.Full text Abstract
43. Muniz AE. Venezuelan equine encephalitis in a teenager visiting Central America. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012 Apr;28(4):372-5. Abstract
44. Przelomski MM, O’Rourke E, Grady GF, et al. Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts: a report of 16 cases, 1970-1984. Neurology. 1988 May;38(5):736-9. Abstract
45. Villari P, Spielman A, Komar N, et al. The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 Jan;52(1):8-13. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer