References

Key articles

Quigley EM, Hasler WL, Parkman HP. AGA technical review on nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jan;120(1):263-86.Full text  Abstract

American College of Gastroenterology. Clinical guideline: gastroparesis. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Quigley EM, Hasler WL, Parkman HP. AGA technical review on nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology. 2001 Jan;120(1):263-86.Full text  Abstract

2. Heckroth M, Luckett RT, Moser C, et al. Nausea and vomiting in 2021: a comprehensive update. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Apr 1;55(4):279-99. Abstract

3. Herrstedt J, Clark-Snow R, Ruhlmann CH, et al. 2023 MASCC and ESMO guideline update for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. ESMO Open. 2024 Feb;9(2):102195.Full text  Abstract

4. Intagliata N, Koch KL. Gastroparesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Aug;9(4):270-9. Abstract

5. Hasler WL. Type 1 diabetes and gastroparesis: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Aug;9(4):261-9. Abstract

6. Krishnasamy S, Abell TL. Diabetic gastroparesis: principles and current trends in management. Diabetes Ther. 2018 Jul;9(suppl 1):1-42.Full text  Abstract

7. American College of Gastroenterology. Clinical guideline: gastroparesis. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

8. Karslioglu French E, Donihi AC, Korytkowski MT. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome: review of acute decompensated diabetes in adult patients. BMJ. 2019 May 29;365:l1114.Full text  Abstract

9. Koch KL, Hong SP, Xu L. Reproducibility of gastric myoelectrical activity and the water load test in patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia symptoms and in control subjects. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Sep;31(2):125-9. Abstract

10. Parkman HP, Miller MA, Trate D, et al. Electrogastrography and gastric emptying scintigraphy are complementary for assessment of dyspepsia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997 Jun;24(4):214-9. Abstract

11. Keller J, Bassotti G, Clarke J, et al. Expert consensus document: advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 May;15(5):291-308.Full text  Abstract

12. Liberski SM, Koch KL, Atnip RG, et al. Ischemic gastroparesis: resolution after revascularization. Gastroenterology. 1990 Jul;99(1):252-7. Abstract

13. Huber TS, Björck M, Chandra A, et al. Chronic mesenteric ischemia: clinical practice guidelines from the Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2021 Jan;73(1s):87-115S.Full text  Abstract

14. Koch KL, Frissora CL. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2003 Mar;32(1):201-34. Abstract

15. Hughes JD, Nayak NG, Aslam N, et al. Autonomic and enteric nervous system dysfunction may play a role in hyperemesis gravidarum. Gastroenterology Res. 2015 Feb;8(1):153-6.Full text  Abstract

16. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Supportive care and treatment related issues: antiemetics. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text

17. Rubio-Tapia A, McCallum R, Camilleri M. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: commentary. Gastroenterology. 2024 May;166(5):930-4.Full text  Abstract

18. Simonetto DA, Oxentenko AS, Herman ML, et al. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Feb;87(2):114-9. Abstract

19. Leu N, Routsolias JC. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a review of the presentation and treatment. J Emerg Nurs. 2021 May;47(3):483-6. Abstract

20. Rome Foundation. Rome IV diagnostic criteria for disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Jan 2016 [internet publication].Full text

21. Misra S, Oliver NS. Diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. BMJ. 2015 Oct 28;351:h5660.

22. Umpierrez G, Freire AX. Abdominal pain in patients with hyperglycemic crises. J Crit Care. 2002 Mar;17(1):63-7.Full text  Abstract

23. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract

24. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract

25. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract

26. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text  Abstract

27. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text  Abstract

28. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text  Abstract

29. Rao SV, O'Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2025 Apr;151(13):e771-862.Full text  Abstract

30. Puelacher C, Gugala M, Adamson PD, et al. Incidence and outcomes of unstable angina compared with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart. 2019 Sep;105(18):1423-31. Abstract

31. Ebell MH, Culp MB, Radke TJ. A systematic review of symptoms for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Mar;50(3):384-94. Abstract

32. Bankhead CR, Collins C, Stokes-Lampard H, et al. Identifying symptoms of ovarian cancer: a qualitative and quantitative study. BJOG. 2008 Jul;115(8):1008-14.Full text  Abstract

33. Abell TL, Malagelada JR, Lucas AR, et al. Gastric electromechanical and neurohormonal function in anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology. 1987 Nov;93(5):958-65.Full text  Abstract

34. Hejazi RA, McCallum RW. Review article: cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults--rediscovering and redefining an old entity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Aug;34(3):263-73. Abstract

35. Levinthal DJ, Staller K, Venkatesan T. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and management of cyclic vomiting syndrome: commentary. Gastroenterology. 2024 Sep;167(4):804-11.Full text  Abstract

36. American Medical Association, American Nurses Association-American Nurses Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(rr-4):1-33.Full text  Abstract

37. Husain S, Ahmed AR, Johnson J, et al. Small-bowel obstruction after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Arch Surg. 2007 Oct;142(10):988-93.Full text  Abstract

38. National Guideline Alliance (UK). Management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Antenatal care: Evidence review R. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE);2021 Aug:NICE guideline, no. 201.Full text  Abstract

39. Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. Abstract

40. Shian B, Larson ST. Abdominal wall pain: clinical evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):429-36.Full text  Abstract

41. Awasthi A, Agrawal N, Chakraborty PP, et al. Petrified ears due to auricular ossification: an underreported clinical sign in acromegaly. BMJ Case Rep. 2022 Jan 17;15(1).Full text  Abstract

42. Recalcati S, Fantini F. Petrified ears: a clue for adrenal insufficiency. Dermatopathology (Basel). 2021 Mar 6;8(1):45-8.Full text  Abstract

43. Delgado C, Baweja M, Crews DC, et al. A unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN task force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022 Feb;79(2):268-88.e1.Full text  Abstract

44. Ellison A, Nguyen AD. Functional luminal imaging probe in the evaluation of esophago-gastric junction outflow obstruction. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2022 Jul 1;38(4):388-94. Abstract

45. Gharibans AA, Calder S, Varghese C, et al. Gastric dysfunction in patients with chronic nausea and vomiting syndromes defined by a noninvasive gastric mapping device. Sci Transl Med. 2022 Sep 21;14(663):eabq3544. Abstract

46. Parkman HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS, et al. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5):1592-622.Full text  Abstract

47. Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, et al. Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jun;95(6):1456-62. Abstract

48. Abell TL, Camilleri M, Donohoe K, et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: a joint report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;103(3):753-63. Abstract

49. Rao SS, Camilleri M, Hasler WL, et al. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Jan;23(1):8-23.Full text  Abstract

50. Kuo B, McCallum RW, Koch KL, et al. Comparison of gastric emptying of a nondigestible capsule to a radio-labelled meal in healthy and gastroparetic subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 15;27(2):186-96. Abstract

51. Cutler AF, Havstad S, Ma CK, et al. Accuracy of invasive and noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 1995 Jul;109(1):136-41.Full text  Abstract

52. Midolo P, Marshall BJ. Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Urease tests. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2000 Dec;29(4):871-8. Abstract

53. Gisbert JP, de la Morena F, Abraira V. Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug;101(8):1921-30. Abstract

54. Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul;112(7):988-1013.Full text  Abstract

55. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Fukami N, Anderson MA, et al. The role of endoscopy in gastroduodenal obstruction and gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Jul;74(1):13-21.Full text  Abstract

56. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: epigastric pain. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

57. Bandireddy M, Baffy N. An uncommon cause of gastric outlet obstruction: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun;96(23):e7059.Full text  Abstract

58. Seng WPN, Chua HW, Toh BC. An unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Gastroenterology. 2022 Aug;163(2):e6-9.Full text  Abstract

59. Sadovnikov I, Anthony M, Mushtaq R, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in Bouveret's syndrome: a case report with review of the literature. Clin Imaging. 2021 Sep;77:43-7. Abstract

60. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected small-bowel obstruction. 2019 [internet publication].​​Full text

61. Tenner S, Vege SS, Sheth SG, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Mar;119(3):419-37.Full text

62. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation: thirty five things physicians and patients should question. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

63. Rompianesi G, Hann A, Komolafe O, et al. Serum amylase and lipase and urinary trypsinogen and amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;(4):CD012010.Full text  Abstract

64. Leppäniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, et al. 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2019 Jun 13;14:27.Full text  Abstract

65. Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013 Jul-Aug;13(4 suppl 2):e1-15.Full text  Abstract

66. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute pancreatitis​. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

67. Lowie BJ, Bond MC. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2023 Nov;41(4):677-86. Abstract

68. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text  Abstract

69. Venkatesan T, Levinthal DJ, Tarbell SE, et al. Guidelines on management of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults by the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019 Jun;31 Suppl 2(suppl 2):e13604.Full text  Abstract

70. Tuxen MK, Sölétormos G, Dombernowsky P. Tumor markers in the management of patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 1995 May;21(3):215-45. Abstract

71. Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP. Biology and management of pancreatic cancer. Gut. 2007 Aug;56(8):1134-52.Full text

72. Sorensen CJ, DeSanto K, Borgelt L, et al. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment-a systematic review. J Med Toxicol. 2017 Mar;13(1):71-87. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer