Anterior cruciate ligament injury

Arundale AJH, Bizzini M, Dix C, et al. Exercise-based knee and anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2023 Jan;53(1):CPG1-34.Full text  Abstract

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries​: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Padua DA, DiStefano LJ, Hewett TE, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J Athl Train. 2018 Jan;53(1):5-19.Full text  Abstract

van Melick N, van Cingel RE, Brooijmans F, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2016 Dec;50(24):1506-15.Full text  Abstract

1. Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics. 2000;23:573-78. Abstract

2. Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE. A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpine skiing. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:531-37. Abstract

3. Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee: a biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:259-70. Abstract

4. Noyes FR, Mooar LA, Moorman CT, et al. Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: progression to complete ligament deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:825-33.Full text  Abstract

5. Hong SH, Choi JY, Lee GK, et al. Grading of anterior cruciate ligament injury: diagnostic efficacy of oblique coronal magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:814-9. Abstract

6. Kocher MS, Mandiga R, Klingele K, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury versus tibial spine fracture in the skeletally immature knee: a comparison of skeletal maturation and notch width index. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:185-8. Abstract

7. Paletta GA Jr. Special considerations: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature. Orthop Clin North Am. 2003;34:65-77. Abstract

8. Accousti WK, Willis RB. Tibial eminence fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2003;34:365-75. Abstract

9. Sanders TL, Maradit Kremers H, Bryan AJ, et al. Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and reconstruction: a 21-year population-based study. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jun;44(6):1502-7. Abstract

10. Agel J, Rockwood T, Klossner D. Collegiate ACL Injury Rates Across 15 Sports: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System Data Update (2004-2005 Through 2012-2013). Clin J Sport Med. 2016 Nov;26(6):518-23.Full text  Abstract

11. Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. J Athl Train. 2007 Apr-Jun;42(2):311-9.Full text  Abstract

12. Mihata LC, Beutler AI, Boden BP. Comparing the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in collegiate lacrosse, soccer, and basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:899-904. Abstract

13. Agel J, Arendt EA, Bershadsky B. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball and soccer: a 13 year review. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:524-30. Abstract

14. Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE. Methodological approaches and rationale for training to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004;14:275-85. Abstract

15. Giugliano DN, Solomon JL. ACL tears in female athletes. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18:417-38. Abstract

16. Bram JT, Magee LC, Mehta NN, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in adolescent athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2021 Jun;49(7):1962-72. Abstract

17. Ireland ML, Ott SM. Special concerns of the female athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2004;23:281-98. Abstract

18. Krosshaug T, Nakamae A, Boden BP, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: video analysis of 39 cases. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:359-67. Abstract

19. Trojian TH, Collins S. The anterior cruciate ligament tear rate varies by race in professional women's basketball. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:895-8. Abstract

20. National Ligament Registry. The seventh annual report (2022). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

21. Slauterbeck JR, Hickox JR, Beynnon B, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament biology and its relationship to injury forces. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006;37:585-91. Abstract

22. Fleming BC, Renstrom PA, Beynnon BD, et al. The effect of weightbearing and external loading on anterior cruciate ligament strain. J Biomech. 2001;34:163-70. Abstract

23. Crain EH, Fithian DC, Paxton EW, et al. Variation in anterior cruciate ligament scar pattern: does the scar pattern affect anterior laxity in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees? Arthroscopy. 2005;21:19-24. Abstract

24. Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A retrospective analysis of clinical records - part I. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:191-7. Abstract

25. Fauno P, Wulff Jakobsen B. Mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27:75-9. Abstract

26. Griffin LY, Agel J, Albohm MJ, et al. Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and prevention strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:141-50. Abstract

27. Yu B, Garrett WE. Mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(suppl 1):i47-i51. Abstract

28. McConkey JP. Anterior cruciate ligament rupture in skiing: a new mechanism of injury. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14:160-4. Abstract

29. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 1, mechanisms and risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:299-311. Abstract

30. Larwa J, Stoy C, Chafetz RS, et al. Stiff landings, core stability, and dynamic knee valgus: a systematic review on documented anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in male and female athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 6;18(7):3826.Full text  Abstract

31. Faude O, Junge A, Kindermann W, et al. Risk factors for injuries in elite female soccer players. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:785-90.Full text  Abstract

32. Giza E, Mithofer K, Farrell L, et al. Injuries in women's professional soccer. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:212-6.Full text  Abstract

33. Pope RP. Injury surveillance and systematic investigation identify a rubber matting hazard for anterior cruciate ligament rupture on an obstacle course. Mil Med. 2002;167:359-62. Abstract

34. Orchard JW, Chivers I, Aldous D, et al. Rye grass is associated with fewer non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries than bermuda grass. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:704-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Orchard J, Seward H, McGivern J, et al. Rainfall, evaporation and the risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the Australian Football League. Med J Australia. 1999;170:304-6. Abstract

36. Orchard J. Is there a relationship between ground and climatic conditions and injuries in football? Sports Med. 2002;32:419-32. Abstract

37. Orchard J, Seward H, McGivern J, Hood S. Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in Australian footballers. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:196-200. Abstract

38. Chappell JD, Herman DC, Knight BS, et al. Effect of fatigue on knee kinetics and kinematics in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1022-9. Abstract

39. McLean SG, Felin RE, Suedekum N, et al. Impact of fatigue on gender-based high-risk landing strategies. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:502-14. Abstract

40. Koyanagi M, Shino K, Yoshimoto Y, et al. Effects of changes in skiing posture on the kinetics of the knee joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14:88-93. Abstract

41. Giza E, Micheli LJ. Soccer injuries. Med Sport Sci. 2005;49:140-69. Abstract

42. Yoo JH, Lim BO, Ha M, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18:824-30. Abstract

43. Arundale AJH, Bizzini M, Dix C, et al. Exercise-based knee and anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2023 Jan;53(1):CPG1-34.Full text  Abstract

44. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries​: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

45. Silvers HJ, Mandelbaum BR. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury in the female athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(suppl 1):i52-9. Abstract

46. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:490-8. Abstract

47. Stevenson JH, Beattie CS, Schwartz JB, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of neuromuscular training programs in reducing the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:482-90. Abstract

48. Sadoghi P, von Keudell A, Vavken P. Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention training programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:769-76. Abstract

49. Padua DA, DiStefano LJ, Hewett TE, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J Athl Train. 2018 Jan;53(1):5-19.Full text  Abstract

50. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programs: appropriate use criteria. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

51. Maffulli N, Binfield PM, King JB, et al. Acute haemarthrosis of the knee in athletes: a prospective study of 106 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75:945-9.Full text  Abstract

52. Ostrowski JA. Accuracy of 3 diagnostic tests for anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Athl Train. 2006;41:120-1.Full text  Abstract

53. Benjaminse A, Gokeler A, van der Schans CP. Clinical diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36:267-88. Abstract

54. Solomon DH, Simel DL, Bates DW, et al. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have a torn meniscus or ligament of the knee? Value of the physical examination. JAMA. 2001;286:1610-20. Abstract

55. Stiell IG, Wells GA, McDowell I, et al. Use of radiography in acute knee injuries: need for clinical decision rules. Acad Emerg Med. 1995 Nov;2(11):966-73.Full text  Abstract

56. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging, Taljanovic MS, Chang EY, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® acute trauma to the nee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020 May;17(5s):S12-S25.Full text  Abstract

57. Lodewijks PCAM, Delawi D, Bollen TL, et al. The lateral femoral notch sign: a reliable diagnostic measurement in acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019 Feb;27(2):659-64.Full text  Abstract

58. Davis DS, Post WR. Segond fracture: lateral capsular ligament avulsion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;25:103-6. Abstract

59. British Orthopaedic Association. ​Best practice for management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

60. Thomas S, Pullagura M, Robinson E, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in our current management of ACL and meniscal injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15:533-6. Abstract

61. Bining J, Andrews G, Forster BB. The ABCs of the anterior cruciate ligament: a primer for magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the normal, injured and surgically repaired anterior cruciate ligament. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:856-62. Abstract

62. Chang CB, Seong SC, Kim TK. Preoperative magnetic resonance assessment of patellar tendon dimensions for graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:376-82. Abstract

63. Shea MA, Coppola GW. Knee pain, swelling and instability. Phys Sportsmed. 2003;31:31-3.

64. Emparanza JI, Aginaga JR. Validation of the Ottawa knee rules. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:364-8. Abstract

65. Ballmer PM, Jakob RP. The non operative treatment of isolated complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee: a prospective study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1988;107:273-6. Abstract

66. St Pierre P, Miller MD. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Clin Sports Med. 1999;18:199-221. Abstract

67. Fowler PJ, Lubliner JA. The predictive value of five clinical signs in the evaluation of meniscal pathology. Arthroscopy. 1989;5:184-6. Abstract

68. Karachalios T, Hantes M, Zibis AH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a new clinical test (the Thessaly test) for early detection of meniscal tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:955-62. Abstract

69. Fox MG. MR imaging of the meniscus: review, current trends, and clinical implications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2007;15:103-23. Abstract

70. Sims WF, Jacobson KE. The posteromedial corner of the knee: medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:337-45. Abstract

71. Boden BP, Pearsall AW, Garrett WE Jr, et al. Patellofemoral instability: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997;5:47-57. Abstract

72. Elias DA, White LM. Imaging of patellofemoral disorders. Clin Radiol. 2004;59:543-57. Abstract

73. Wang JH, Lee JH, Cho Y, et al. Efficacy of knee joint aspiration in patients with acute ACL injury in the emergency department. Injury. 2016 Aug;47(8):1744-9. Abstract

74. Saka T. Principles of postoperative anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation. World J Orthop. 2014;5:450-9. Abstract

75. Failla MJ, Arundale AJ, Logerstedt DS, et al. Controversies in knee rehabilitation: anterior cruciate ligament injury. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34:301-12. Abstract

76. Strehl A, Eggli S. The value of conservative treatment in ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). J Trauma. 2007;62:1159-62. Abstract

77. Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Abate JA, et al. Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries, part I. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1579-602. Abstract

78. Frobell RB, Roos EM, Roos HP, et al. A randomized trial of treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tears. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:331-42. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010;363:893.]Full text  Abstract

79. Frobell RB, Roos HP, Roos EM, et al. Treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tear: five year outcome of randomised trial. BMJ. 2013;346:f232.Full text  Abstract

80. Monk AP, Davies LJ, Hopewell S, et al. Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 3;4:CD011166.Full text  Abstract

81. Legnani C, Terzaghi C, Borgo E, et al. Management of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in patients aged 40 years and older. J Orthop Traumatol. 2011;12:177-84.Full text  Abstract

82. Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, et al. Fate of the ACL-injured patient: a prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:632-44. Abstract

83. Shelbourne KD, Gray T. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon graft followed by accelerated rehabilitation: a two to nine year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:786-95. Abstract

84. Andersson D, Samuelsson K, Karlsson J. Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries with special reference to surgical technique and rehabilitation: an assessment of randomized controlled trials. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:653-85. Abstract

85. Mohtadi NG, Chan DS, Dainty KN, et al. Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(9):CD005960. Abstract

86. Webster KE, Feller JA, Hartnett N, et al. Comparison of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:83-90. Abstract

87. Mohtadi N, Chan D, Barber R, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing patellar tendon, hamstring tendon, and double-bundle ACL reconstructions: patient-reported and clinical outcomes at a minimal 2-year follow-up. Clin J Sports Med. 2015;25:321-31.Full text  Abstract

88. Lubowitz JH, Elson WS, Guttmann D. Part II: arthroscopic treatment of tibial plateau fractures: intercondylar eminence avulsion fractures. Arthroscopy. 2005;21:86-92. Abstract

89. Hiemstra LA, Veale K, Sasyniuk T. Knee immobilization in the immediate post-operative period following ACL reconstruction. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16:199-202. Abstract

90. Harilainen A, Sandelin J. Post-operative use of knee brace in bone-tendon-bone patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 5-year follow-up results of a randomized prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16:14-8. Abstract

91. Shelbourne KD, Klotz C. What I have learned about the ACL: utilizing a progressive rehabilitation scheme to achieve total knee symmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11:318-25. Abstract

92. British Orthopaedic Association. ​Best practice for management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

93. Roi GS, Creta D, Nanni G, et al. Return to official Italian First Division soccer games within 90 days after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:52-61. Abstract

94. van Melick N, van Cingel RE, Brooijmans F, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2016 Dec;50(24):1506-15.Full text  Abstract

95. Ardern CL, Webster KE, Taylor NF, et al. Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45:596-606. Abstract

96. Salmon L, Russell V, Musgrove T, et al. Incidence and risk factors for graft rupture and contralateral rupture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2005;21:948-57. Abstract

97. Vavken P, Sadoghi P, Murray MM. The effect of platelet concentrates on graft maturation and graft-bone interface healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in human patients: a systematic review of controlled trials. Arthroscopy. 2011;27:1573-83.Full text  Abstract

98. Ye Z, Chen H, Qiao Y, et al. Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 May 1;7(5):e2410134.Full text  Abstract

99. Moraes VY, Lenza M, Tamaoki MJ, et al. Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD010071.Full text  Abstract

100. Murray MM, Fleming BC, Badger GJ, et al. Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Is Not Inferior to Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at 2 Years: Results of a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2020 May;48(6):1305-15.Full text  Abstract

101. Barnett SC, Murray MM, Badger GJ, et al. Earlier resolution of symptoms and return of function after bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair as compared with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021 Nov;9(11):23259671211052530.Full text  Abstract

102. DiFelice GS, Villegas C, Taylor S. Anterior cruciate ligament preservation: early results of a novel arthroscopic technique for suture anchor primary anterior cruciate ligament repair. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:2162-71. Abstract

103. Karaaslan F, Karaoğlu S, Yurdakul E. Reducing intra-articular hemarthrosis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by the administration of intravenous tranexamic acid: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:2720-6. Abstract

104. Hawkins RJ, Misamore GW, Merritt TR. Followup of the acute nonoperated isolated anterior cruciate ligament tear. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14:205-10. Abstract

105. Keene GC, Bickerstaff D, Rae PJ, et al. The natural history of meniscal tears in anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:672-79. Abstract

106. Bellabarba C, Bush-Joseph CA, Bach BR Jr. Patterns of meniscal injury in the anterior cruciate-deficient knee: a review of the literature. Am J Orthop. 1997;26:18-23. Abstract

107. Paul JJ, Spindler KP, Andrish JT, et al. Jumping versus nonjumping anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a comparison of pathology. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13:1-5. Abstract

108. Millett PJ, Willis AA, Warren RF. Associated injuries in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament tears: does a delay in treatment increase the risk of meniscal tear? Arthroscopy. 2002;18:955-9. Abstract

109. Mandalia V, Fogg AJ, Chari R, et al. Bone bruising of the knee. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:627-36. Abstract

110. Shelbourne KD, Haro MS, Gray T. Knee dislocation with lateral side injury: results of an en masse surgical repair technique of the lateral side. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1105-16. Abstract

111. Brophy RH, Zeltser D, Wright RW, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and concomitant articular cartilage injury: incidence and treatment. Arthroscopy. 2010;26:112-20. Abstract

112. Bowers AL, Spindler KP, McCarty EC, et al. Height, weight, and BMI predict intra-articular injuries observed during ACL reconstruction: evaluation of 456 cases from a prospective ACL database. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:9-13. Abstract

113. Williams GN, Buchanan TS, Barrance PJ, et al. Quadriceps weakness, atrophy, and activation failure in predicted non-copers after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:402-7. Abstract

114. Murakami H, Shinomiya N, Kikuchi T, et al. Upregulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a key role in early apoptosis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Res. 2006;24:1521-34. Abstract

115. Tiderius CJ, Olsson LE, Nyquist F, et al. Cartilage glycosaminoglycan loss in the acute phase after an anterior cruciate ligament injury: delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage and synovial fluid analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:120-7.Full text  Abstract

116. Grindstaff TL, Hammill RR, Tuzson AE, et al. Neuromuscular control training programs and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury rates in female athletes: a numbers-needed-to-treat analysis. J Athl Train. 2006;41:450-6.Full text  Abstract

117. Wright RW, Fetzer GB. Bracing after ACL reconstruction: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 2007;455:162-8. Abstract

118. Najibi S, Albright JP. The use of knee braces, part 1: prophylactic knee braces in contact sports. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:602-11. Abstract