Assessment of hyperprolactinaemia

Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74. Abstract

Gibney J, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. Clinical relevance of macroprolactin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Jun;62(6):633-43.Full text  Abstract

Petersenn S, Fleseriu M, Casanueva FF, et al. Diagnosis and management of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: a Pituitary Society international consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023 Dec;19(12):722-40.Full text  Abstract

Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.Full text  Abstract

Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging; Burns J, Policeni B, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) neuroendocrine imaging. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S161-73.Full text  Abstract

1. Leca BM, Mytilinaiou M, Tsoli M, et al. Identification of an optimal prolactin threshold to determine prolactinoma size using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 May 7;11(1):9801.Full text  Abstract

2. Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.Full text  Abstract

3. Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74. Abstract

4. Wojcik M, Amer S, Jayaprakasan K. The prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in subfertile ovulatory women and its impact on fertility treatment outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2022 Aug;42(6):2349-53. Abstract

5. Ambulkar SS, Darves-Bornoz AL, Fantus RJ, et al. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and clinically apparent prolactinomas in men undergoing fertility evaluation. Urology. 2022 Jan;159:114-9. Abstract

6. Vilar L, Abucham J, Albuquerque JL, et al. Controversial issues in the management of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas - an overview by the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Mar-Apr;62(2):236-63.Full text  Abstract

7. Ben-Jonathan N, LaPensee CR, LaPensee EW. What can we learn from rodents about prolactin in humans? Endocr Rev. 2008 Feb;29(1):1-41.Full text  Abstract

8. Gibney J, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. Clinical relevance of macroprolactin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Jun;62(6):633-43.Full text  Abstract

9. Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, et al. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev. 1998 Jun;19(3):225-68.Full text  Abstract

10. Arowojolu AO, Akinloye O, Shittu OB. Serum and seminal plasma prolactin levels in male attenders of an infertility clinic in Ibadan. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004 Apr;24(3):306-9. Abstract

11. Petersenn S, Fleseriu M, Casanueva FF, et al. Diagnosis and management of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: a Pituitary Society international consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023 Dec;19(12):722-40.Full text  Abstract

12. Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Freeman ME. Endothelin is an autocrine regulator of prolactin secretion. Endocrinology. 1998 Dec;139(12):5164-73.Full text  Abstract

13. Sarkar DK, Kim KH, Minami S. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 messenger RNA and protein expression in the pituitary gland: its action on prolactin secretion and lactotropic growth. Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Nov;6(11):1825-33. Abstract

14. Shah GV, Pedchenko V, Stanley S, et al. Calcitonin is a physiological inhibitor of prolactin secretion in ovariectomized female rats. Endocrinology. 1996 May;137(5):1814-22. Abstract

15. Vilar L, Freitas MC, Naves LA, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia: results of a Brazilian multicenter study with 1234 patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 May;31(5):436-44. Abstract

16. Schlechte JA. Long-term management of prolactinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8):2861-5.Full text  Abstract

17. Varaldo E, Cuboni D, Prencipe N, et al. Are prolactin levels efficient in predicting a pituitary lesion in patients with hyperprolactinemia? Endocrine. 2024 May;84(2):670-6.Full text  Abstract

18. Kasantikul V, Shuangshoti S. Pituitary adenomas: immunohistochemical: study of 90 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 1990 Sep;73(9):514-21. Abstract

19. Korbonits M, Blair JC, Boguslawska A, et al. Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: part 2, specific diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2024 May;20(5):290-309.Full text  Abstract

20. Bonert VS, Melmed S. Acromegaly with moderate hyperprolactinemia caused by an intrasellar macroadenoma. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;2(7):408-12. Abstract

21. Beressi N, Beressi JP, Cohen R, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. A review of 145 cases. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1999 Jun;150(4):327-41. Abstract

22. Bhardwaj M, Sharma A, Pal HK. Granulomatous hypophysitis. Neurol India. 2005 Sep;53(3):364-5.Full text  Abstract

23. Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105. Abstract

24. Goel P, Kahkasha, Narang S, et al. Evaluation of serum prolactin level in patients of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jan;9(1):BC15-7.Full text  Abstract

25. Kyritsi EM, Dimitriadis GK, Angelousi A, et al. The value of prolactin in predicting prolactinοma in hyperprolactinaemic polycystic ovarian syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018 Jul;48(7):e12961. Abstract

26. Davoudi Z, Araghi F, Vahedi M, et al. Prolactin Level in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): an approach to the diagnosis and management. Acta Biomed. 2021 Nov 3;92(5):e2021291.Full text  Abstract

27. Saha MT, Saha HH, Niskanen LK, et al. Time course of serum prolactin and sex hormones following successful renal transplantation. Nephron. 2002;92(3):735-7. Abstract

28. Pluguez-Turull CW, Nanyes JE, Quintero CJ, et al. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: manifestations at multimodality imaging and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2018 Mar-Apr;38(2):330-56. Abstract

29. Kallenberg GA, Pesce CM, Norman B, et al. Ectopic hyperprolactinemia resulting from an ovarian teratoma. JAMA. 1990 May 9;263(18):2472-4. Abstract

30. Korytnaya E, Liu J, Camelo-Piragua S, et al. Ectopic prolactin secretion from a perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):3960-4. Abstract

31. Haddad PM, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs. 2004;64(20):2291-314. Abstract

32. Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, et al. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs. 2014 May;28(5):421-53.Full text  Abstract

33. Molitch ME. Medication-induced hyperprolactinemia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Aug;80(8):1050-7.Full text  Abstract

34. Teoh SK, Lex BW, Mendelson JH, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and macrocytosis in women with alcohol and polysubstance dependence. J Stud Alcohol. 1992 Mar;53(2):176-82. Abstract

35. Coker F, Taylor D. Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia: incidence, mechanisms and management. CNS Drugs. 2010 Jul;24(7):563-74. Abstract

36. Madhusoodanan S, Parida S, Jimenez C. Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics: a review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jun-Jul;25(4):281-97. Abstract

37. Sarkar DK. Hyperprolactinemia following chronic alcohol administration. Front Horm Res. 2010;38:32-41. Abstract

38. Che Soh NAA, Yaacob NM, Omar J, et al. Global prevalence of macroprolactinemia among patients with hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov 6;17(21):8199.Full text  Abstract

39. Kasum M, Orešković S, Čehić E, et al. Laboratory and clinical significance of macroprolactinemia in women with hyperprolactinemia. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;56(6):719-24.Full text  Abstract

40. De Schepper J, Schiettecatte J, Velkeniers B, et al. Clinical and biological characterization of macroprolactinemia with and without prolactin-IgG complexes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Sep;149(3):201-7.Full text  Abstract

41. Leanos A, Pascoe D, Fraga A, et al. Anti-prolactin autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with associated hyperprolactinemia. Lupus. 1998;7(6):398-403. Abstract

42. Vallette-Kasic S, Morange-Ramos I, Selim A, et al. Macroprolactinemia revisited: a study on 106 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;87(2):581-8.Full text  Abstract

43. Saleem M, Martin H, Coates P. Prolactin biology and laboratory measurement: an update on physiology and current analytical issues. Clin Biochem Rev. 2018 Feb;39(1):3-16.Full text  Abstract

44. Hattori N, Ishihara T, Ikekubo K, et al. Autoantibody to human prolactin in patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Nov;75(5):1226-9. Abstract

45. Hattori N, Ikekubo K, Ishihara T, et al. Effects of anti-prolactin autoantibodies on serum prolactin measurements. Eur J Endocrinol. 1994 May;130(5):434-7. Abstract

46. Sachdev Y, Gopal K, Garg VK, et al. Pituitary apoplexy (spontaneous pituitary necrosis). Postgrad Med J. 1981 May;57(667):289-93.Full text  Abstract

47. Serhal D, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH. Evaluation and management of pituitary incidentalomas. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008 Nov;75(11):793-801. Abstract

48. Biousse V, Newman NJ, Oyesiku NM. Precipitating factors in pituitary apoplexy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;71(4):542-5.Full text  Abstract

49. Maccagnan P, Macedo CL, Kayath MJ, et al. Conservative management of pituitary apoplexy: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Jul;80(7):2190-7. Abstract

50. Nawar RN, AbdelMannan D, Selman WR, et al. Pituitary tumor apoplexy: a review. J Intensive Care Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;23(2):75-90. Abstract

51. Auriemma RS, Pirchio R, Pivonello C, et al. Approach to the patient with prolactinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Aug 18;108(9):2400-23.Full text  Abstract

52. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.Full text  Abstract

53. Rusgis MM, Alabbasi AY, Nelson LA. Guidance on the treatment of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia when switching the antipsychotic is not an option. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021 May 6;78(10):862-71.Full text  Abstract

54. Hammer F, Arlt W. Hypopituitarism [in German]. Internist (Berl). 2004 Jul;45(7):795-811. Abstract

55. Klibanski A, Neer RM, Beitins IZ, et al. Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women. N Engl J Med. 1980 Dec 25;303(26):1511-4. Abstract

56. Biller BM. Hyperprolactinemia. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1999 Mar-Apr;44(2):74-7. Abstract

57. Fideleff HL, Boquete HR, Sequera A, et al. Peripubertal prolactinomas: clinical presentation and long-term outcome with different therapeutic approaches. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Mar;13(3):261-7. Abstract

58. Serri O, Li L, Mamputu JC, et al. The influences of hyperprolactinemia and obesity on cardiovascular risk markers: effects of cabergoline therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Apr;64(4):366-70. Abstract

59. Arslan MS, Topaloglu O, Sahin M, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis in patients with prolactinoma. Endocr Pract. 2014 May;20(5):447-51. Abstract

60. Wagner R, Heni M, Linder K, et al. Age-dependent association of serum prolactin with glycaemia and insulin sensitivity in humans. Acta Diabetol. 2014 Feb;51(1):71-8. Abstract

61. Whyte MB, Pramodh S, Srikugan L, et al. Importance of cannulated prolactin test in the definition of hyperprolactinaemia. Pituitary. 2015 Jun;18(3):319-25. Abstract

62. Sabogal Piñeros YS, Deckers MML, de Bie P, et al. Confusion in the interpretation of prolactin levels caused by inappropriately low reference intervals. Endocr Connect. 2024 Nov 21;13(12):e240432.Full text  Abstract

63. Beda-Maluga K, Pisarek H, Komorowski J, et al. Evaluation of hyperprolactinaemia with the use of the intervals for prolactin after macroforms separation. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;65(3):359-64.Full text  Abstract

64. Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging; Burns J, Policeni B, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) neuroendocrine imaging. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S161-73.Full text  Abstract

65. Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, et al. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med. 1994 May 15;120(10):817-20. Abstract

66. Rand T, Kink E, Sator M, et al. MRI of microadenomas in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. Neuroradiology. 1996 Nov;38(8):744-6. Abstract

67. Biller BM, Luciano A, Crosignani PG, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. J Reprod Med. 1999 Dec;44(12 Suppl):1075-84. Abstract

68. Glezer A, Mendes Garmes H, Kasuki L, et al. Diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia in women: a position statement from the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (Febrasgo) and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM). Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Apr 5;68:e230502.Full text  Abstract

69. Karavitaki N, Thanabalasingham G, Shore HC, et al. Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? A study of 226 patients with histologically verified non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Oct;65(4):524-9. Abstract

70. Kawaguchi T, Ogawa Y, Tominaga T. Diagnostic pitfalls of hyperprolactinemia: the importance of sequential pituitary imaging. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Aug 20;7:555.Full text  Abstract

71. Giustina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF, et al. Criteria for cure of acromegaly: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb;85(2):526-9.Full text  Abstract

72. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Sep 18;108(10):2447-69.Full text  Abstract

73. Olukoga AO, Kane JW. Macroprolactinaemia: validation and application of the polyethylene glycol precipitation test and clinical characterization of the condition. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Jul;51(1):119-26. Abstract