References
Key articles
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. January 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19: clinical overview of long COVID. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text
Yelin D, Moschopoulos CD, Margalit I, et al. ESCMID rapid guidelines for assessment and management of long COVID. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Jul;28(7):955-72.Full text Abstract
US Department of Veterans Affairs. Whole health system approach to long COVID (nervous system). Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text
US Department of Veterans Affairs. Whole health system approach to long COVID. August 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. January 2024 [internet publication].Full text
2. World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. October 2021 [internet publication].Full text
3. World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline. August 2023 [internet publication].Full text
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19: clinical overview of long COVID. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text
5. Ely EW, Brown LM, Fineberg HV, et al. Long covid defined. N Engl J Med. 2024 Nov 7;391(18):1746-53.Full text
6. Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19-New Insights on a Rapidly Changing Epidemic. JAMA. 2020 Apr 14;323(14):1339-40.Full text Abstract
7. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A'Court C, et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020 Aug 11;370:m3026.Full text Abstract
8. Rubin R. As their numbers grow, COVID-19 "long haulers" stump experts. JAMA. 2020 Oct 13;324(14):1381-3.Full text Abstract
9. Thaweethai T, Jolley SE, Karlson EW, et al. Development of a definition of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA. 2023 Jun 13;329(22):1934-46.Full text Abstract
10. Zhang H, Zang C, Xu Z, et al. Data-driven identification of post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection subphenotypes. Nat Med. 2023 Jan;29(1):226-35.Full text Abstract
11. Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators, Wulf Hanson S, Abbafati C, et al. Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA. 2022 Oct 25;328(16):1604-15.Full text Abstract
12. Pfaff ER, Girvin AT, Bennett TD, et al. Identifying who has long COVID in the USA: a machine learning approach using N3C data. Lancet Digit Health. 2022 Jul;4(7):e532-e541.Full text Abstract
13. Estiri H, Strasser ZH, Brat GA, et al. Evolving phenotypes of non-hospitalized patients that indicate long covid. medRxiv. 2021 Jul 10:2021.04.25.21255923.Full text Abstract
14. Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Aug;38:101019.Full text Abstract
15. Ledford H. How common is long COVID? Why studies give different answers. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):852-3.Full text Abstract
16. Jassat W, Reyes LF, Munblit D, et al. Long COVID in low-income and middle-income countries: the hidden public health crisis. Lancet. 2023 Sep 30;402(10408):1115-7.Full text
17. Hou Y, Gu T, Ni Z, et al. Global prevalence of long COVID, its subtypes and risk factors: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2025 Jan 6:2025.01.01.24319384.Full text Abstract
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Notes from the field: long COVID and significant long COVID-associated activity limitation among adults, by jurisdiction - United States, 2023. Dec 2024 [internet publication].Full text
19. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, et al. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2021 Oct;92:55-70.Full text Abstract
20. Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo AE, et al. Short-term and long-term rates of postacute Ssequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2128568.Full text Abstract
21. Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):626-31.Full text Abstract
22. Office for National Statistics. Self-reported coronavirus (COVID-19) infections and associated symptoms, England and Scotland: november 2023 to march 2024. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
23. Ballering AV, van Zon SKR, Olde Hartman TC, et al. Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2022 Aug 6;400(10350):452-61.Full text Abstract
24. Wu X, Liu X, Zhou Y, et al. 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jul;9(7):747-54.Full text Abstract
25. Huang L, Yao Q, Gu X, et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2021 Aug 28;398(10302):747-58.Full text Abstract
26. Huang L, Li X, Gu X, et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Sep;10(9):863-76.Full text Abstract
27. Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years. Nat Med. 2023 Sep;29(9):2347-57.Full text Abstract
28. Pavli A, Theodoridou M, Maltezou HC. Post-COVID syndrome: incidence, clinical spectrum, and challenges for primary healthcare professionals. Arch Med Res. 2021 Aug;52(6):575-81.Full text Abstract
29. Subramanian A, Nirantharakumar K, Hughes S, et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nat Med. 2022 Aug;28(8):1706-14.Full text Abstract
30. Augustin M, Schommers P, Stecher M, et al. Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Jul;6:100122.Full text Abstract
31. O'Mahoney LL, Routen A, Gillies C, et al. The prevalence and long-term health effects of long COVID among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Jan;55:101762.Full text Abstract
32. Havervall S, Rosell A, Phillipson M, et al. Symptoms and functional impairment assessed 8 months after mild COVID-19 among health care workers. JAMA. 2021 May 18;325(19):2015-6.Full text Abstract
33. Stavem K, Ghanima W, Olsen MK, et al. Persistent symptoms 1.5-6 months after COVID-19 in non-hospitalised subjects: a population-based cohort study. Thorax. 2021 Apr;76(4):405-7.Full text Abstract
34. Ma Y, Deng J, Liu Q, et al. Long-term consequences of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 16;20(2):1613.Full text Abstract
35. Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, et al. Global prevalence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: a meta-analysis and aystematic review. J Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 1;226(9):1593-607.Full text Abstract
36. Shah DP, Thaweethai T, Karlson EW, et al. Sex differences in long COVID. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jan 2;8(1):e2455430.Full text Abstract
37. Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Ayuzo Del Valle NC, et al. Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 23;12(1):9950.Full text Abstract
38. Pellegrino R, Chiappini E, Licari A, et al. Prevalence and clinical presentation of long COVID in children: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2022 Dec;181(12):3995-4009.Full text Abstract
39. Català M, Mercadé-Besora N, Kolde R, et al. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent long COVID symptoms: staggered cohort study of data from the UK, Spain, and Estonia. Lancet Respir Med. 2024 Jan 11:S2213-2600(23)00414-9.Full text Abstract
40. Gao P, Liu J, Liu M. Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on reducing the risk of long COVID in the real world: a systematic review and meta-mnalysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 29;19(19):12422.Full text Abstract
41. Notarte KI, Catahay JA, Velasco JV, et al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: a systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Nov;53:101624.Full text Abstract
42. Richard SA, Pollett SD, Fries AC, et al. Persistent COVID-19 symptoms at 6 months after onset and the role of vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jan 3;6(1):e2251360.Full text Abstract
43. Antonelli M, Pujol JC, Spector TD, et al. Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet. 2022 Jun 18;399(10343):2263-4.Full text Abstract
44. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Notarte KI, Peligro PJ, et al. Long-COVID symptoms in individuals infected with different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review of the literature. Viruses. 2022 Nov 25;14(12):2629.Full text Abstract
45. Office for National Statistics. Dataset: prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
46. Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Mar;21(3):133-46.Full text Abstract
47. Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network - United States, March-June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jul 31;69(30):993-8.Full text Abstract
48. Aiyegbusi OL, Hughes SE, Turner G, et al. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J R Soc Med. 2021 Sep;114(9):428-42.Full text Abstract
49. Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):43-55.Full text Abstract
50. Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, et al. Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ. 2021 Jul 26;374:n1648. Abstract
51. Kamal M, Abo Omirah M, Hussein A, et al. Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Mar;75(3):e13746. Abstract
52. Sneller MC, Liang CJ, Marques AR, et al. A longitudinal study of COVID-19 sequelae and immunity: baseline findings. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Jul;175(7):969-79.Full text Abstract
53. Herman E, Shih E, Cheng A. Long COVID: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2022 Nov;106(5):523-32. Abstract
54. Azzolini E, Levi R, Sarti R, et al. Association between BNT162b2 vaccination and long COVID after infections not requiring hospitalization in health care workers. JAMA. 2022 Aug 16;328(7):676-8.Full text Abstract
55. Wang S, Quan L, Chavarro JE, et al. Associations of depression, anxiety, worry, perceived stress, and loneliness prior to infection with risk of post-COVID-19 conditions. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 Nov 1;79(11):1081-91.Full text Abstract
56. Tsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, et al. Risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Jun 1;183(6):566-80.Full text Abstract
57. Maglietta G, Diodati F, Puntoni M, et al. Prognostic factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2022 Mar 11;11(6):1541.Full text Abstract
58. Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Long-term outcomes following hospital admission for COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Dec 14:S1473-3099(23)00684-9.Full text Abstract
59. Klein J, Wood J, Jaycox JR, et al. Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling. Nature. 2023 Nov;623(7985):139-48.Full text Abstract
60. Glynne P, Tahmasebi N, Gant V, et al. Long COVID following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines. J Investig Med. 2022 Jan;70(1):61-7.Full text Abstract
61. Phetsouphanh C, Darley DR, Wilson DB, et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol. 2022 Feb;23(2):210-6.Full text Abstract
62. Schultheiß C, Willscher E, Paschold L, et al. The IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF cytokine triad is associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Cell Rep Med. 2022 Jun 21;3(6):100663.Full text Abstract
63. Peluso MJ, Lu S, Tang AF, et al. Markers of immune activation and inflammation in individuals with postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 1;224(11):1839-48.Full text Abstract
64. Wallukat G, Hohberger B, Wenzel K, et al. Functional autoantibodies against G-protein coupled receptors in patients with persistent Long-COVID-19 symptoms. J Transl Autoimmun. 2021;4:100100.Full text Abstract
65. Arthur JM, Forrest JC, Boehme KW, et al. Development of ACE2 autoantibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 3;16(9):e0257016.Full text Abstract
66. Su Y, Yuan D, Chen DG, et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022 Mar 3;185(5):881-95.e20.Full text Abstract
67. Silva J, Takahashi T, Wood J, et al. Sex differences in symptomatology and immune profiles of Long COVID. medRxiv. 2024 Mar 4:2024.02.29.24303568.Full text Abstract
68. Wong AC, Devason AS, Umana IC, et al. Serotonin reduction in post-acute sequelae of viral infection. Cell. 2023 Oct 26;186(22):4851-67.e20.Full text Abstract
69. Siripanthong B, Asatryan B, Hanff TC, et al. The pathogenesis and long-term consequences of COVID-19 cardiac injury. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2022 Mar;7(3):294-308.Full text Abstract
70. Peluso MJ, Deeks SG. Early clues regarding the pathogenesis of long-COVID. Trends Immunol. 2022 Apr;43(4):268-70.Full text Abstract
71. Fogarty H, Townsend L, Morrin H, et al. Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Oct;19(10):2546-53.Full text Abstract
72. Clark IA. Chronic cerebral aspects of long COVID, post-stroke syndromes and similar states share their pathogenesis and perispinal etanercept treatment logic. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022 Apr;10(2):e00926.Full text Abstract
73. Thompson RC, Simons NW, Wilkins L, et al. Molecular states during acute COVID-19 reveal distinct etiologies of long-term sequelae. Nat Med. 2023 Jan;29(1):236-46.Full text Abstract
74. Pretorius E, Vlok M, Venter C, et al. Persistent clotting protein pathology in long COVID/post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021 Aug 23;20(1):172.Full text Abstract
75. Liptak P, Baranovicova E, Rosolanka R, et al. Persistence of metabolomic changes in patients during post-COVID phase: a prospective, observational study. Metabolites. 2022 Jul 13;12(7):641.Full text Abstract
76. Buonsenso D, Tantisira KG. Long COVID and SARS-CoV-2 persistence: new answers, more questions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024 Aug;24(8):796-98.Full text
77. Zuo W, He D, Liang C, et al. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues and its association with long COVID symptoms: a cross-sectional cohort study in China. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024 Aug;24(8):845-55.Full text Abstract
78. Goh D, Lim JCT, Fernaíndez SB, et al. Case report: Persistence of residual antigen and RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in tissues of two patients with long COVID. Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 5:13:939989.Full text Abstract
79. Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Nirmatrelvir and the risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. medRxiv 2022 [preprint publication].Full text
80. Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Perlowski A, et al. Long COVID: a clinical update. Lancet. 2024 Aug 17;404(10453):707-24.Full text Abstract
81. Proal AD, Aleman S, Bomsel M, et al. Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in long COVID. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 May;25(5):e294-306. Abstract
82. Liew F, Efstathiou C, Fontanella S, et al. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease. Nat Immunol. 2024 Apr;25(4):607-21.Full text Abstract
83. Woodruff MC, Bonham KS, Anam FA, et al. Chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, and autoreactivity splits long COVID. Nat Commun. 2023 Jul 14;14(1):4201.Full text Abstract
84. Cervia-Hasler C, Brüningk SC, Hoch T, et al. Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid. Science. 2024 Jan 19;383(6680):eadg7942.Full text Abstract
85. Krishna BA, Lim EY, Metaxaki M, et al. Spontaneous, persistent, T cell-dependent IFN-γ release in patients who progress to Long Covid. Sci Adv. 2024 Feb 23;10(8):eadi9379.Full text Abstract
86. Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature. 2022 Apr;604(7907):697-07.Full text Abstract
87. Manca R, De Marco M, Ince PG, et al. Heterogeneity in regional damage detected by neuroimaging and neuropathological studies in older adults with COVID-19: a cognitive-neuroscience systematic review to inform the long-term impact of the virus on neurocognitive trajectories. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:646908.Full text Abstract
88. Guedj E, Million M, Dudouet P, et al. (18)F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: substrate for persistent/delayed disorders? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021 Feb;48(2):592-5.Full text Abstract
89. Bonilla H, Peluso MJ, Rodgers K, et al. Therapeutic trials for long COVID-19: A call to action from the interventions taskforce of the RECOVER initiative. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1129459.Full text Abstract
90. Hedberg P, Granath F, Bruchfeld J, et al. Post COVID-19 condition diagnosis: a population-based cohort study of occurrence, associated factors, and healthcare use by severity of acute infection. J Intern Med. 2023 Feb;293(2):246-58.Full text Abstract
91. Florencio LL, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C. Long COVID: systemic inflammation and obesity as therapeutic targets. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Aug;10(8):726-7.Full text Abstract
92. Al-Aly Z. Prevention of long COVID: progress and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Jul;23(7):776-7.Full text Abstract
93. Ayoubkhani D, Bermingham C, Pouwels KB, et al. Trajectory of long covid symptoms after covid-19 vaccination: community based cohort study. BMJ. 2022 May 18;377:e069676.Full text Abstract
94. Arnold DT, Milne A, Samms E, et al. Symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with persistent symptoms after acute infection: a case series. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Sep;174(9):1334-6.Full text Abstract
95. Whittaker HR, Gulea C, Koteci A, et al. GP consultation rates for sequelae after acute covid-19 in patients managed in the community or hospital in the UK: population based study. BMJ. 2021 Dec 29;375:e065834.Full text Abstract
96. Wisnivesky JP, Govindarajulu U, Bagiella E, et al. Association of vaccination with the persistence of post-COVID symptoms. J Gen Intern Med. 2022 May;37(7):1748-53.Full text Abstract
97. Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Association of treatment with nirmatrelvir and the risk of post-COVID-19 condition. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Jun 1;183(6):554-64.Full text Abstract
98. Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Molnupiravir and risk of post-acute sequelae of covid-19: cohort study. BMJ. 2023 Apr 25;381:e074572.Full text Abstract
99. Suran M. VA finds Nirmatrelvir associated with lower risk of long COVID. JAMA. 2022 Dec 27;328(24):2386.Full text Abstract
100. Boglione L, Meli G, Poletti F, et al. Risk factors and incidence of long-COVID syndrome in hospitalized patients: does remdesivir have a protective effect? QJM. 2022 Jan 9;114(12):865-71.Full text Abstract
101. Nevalainen OPO, Horstia S, Laakkonen S, et al. Effect of remdesivir post hospitalization for COVID-19 infection from the randomized SOLIDARITY Finland trial. Nat Commun. 2022 Oct 18;13(1):6152.Full text Abstract
102. Durstenfeld MS, Peluso MJ, Lin F, et al. Association of nirmatrelvir for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with subsequent Long COVID symptoms in an observational cohort study. J Med Virol. 2024 Jan;96(1):e29333.Full text Abstract
103. Greenhalgh T, Sivan M, Delaney B, et al. Long covid-an update for primary care. BMJ. 2022 Sep 22;378:e072117.Full text Abstract
104. Yelin D, Moschopoulos CD, Margalit I, et al. ESCMID rapid guidelines for assessment and management of long COVID. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Jul;28(7):955-72.Full text Abstract
105. Whiteson JH, Azola A, Barry JT, et al. Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of cardiovascular complications in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM R. 2022 Jul;14(7):855-78. Abstract
106. Herrera JE, Niehaus WN, Whiteson J, et al. Multidisciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of fatigue in postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) patients. PM R. 2021 Sep;13(9):1027-43. Abstract
107. Maley JH, Alba GA, Barry JT, et al. Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of breathing discomfort and respiratory sequelae in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM R. 2022 Jan;14(1):77-95.Full text Abstract
108. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Whole health system approach to long COVID (nervous system). Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text
109. Munblit D, Nicholson T, Akrami A, et al. A core outcome set for post-COVID-19 condition in adults for use in clinical practice and research: an international Delphi consensus study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jul;10(7):715-24.Full text Abstract
110. Mikkelsen ME, Still M, Anderson BJ, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine's international consensus conference on prediction and identification of long-term impairments after critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2020 Nov;48(11):1670-9. Abstract
111. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98.
112. Michelen M, Manoharan L, Elkheir N, et al. Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Sep;6(9):e005427.Full text Abstract
113. Blitshteyn S, Whiteson JH, Abramoff B, et al. Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of autonomic dysfunction in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM R. 2022 Oct;14(10):1270-91. Abstract
114. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Whole health system approach to long COVID. August 2022 [internet publication].Full text
115. So M, Kabata H, Fukunaga K, et al. Radiological and functional lung sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2021 Mar 22;21(1):97.Full text Abstract
116. Watanabe A, So M, Iwagami M, et al. One-year follow-up CT findings in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2022 Aug;27(8):605-16.Full text Abstract
117. Bocchino M, Rea G, Capitelli L, et al. Chest CT lung abnormalities 1 year after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2023 Jul;308(1):e230535.Full text Abstract
118. Fine JS, Ambrose AF, Didehbani N, et al. Multi-disciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of cognitive symptoms in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM R. 2022 Jan;14(1):96-111.Full text Abstract
119. Mueller MR, Ganesh R, Hurt RT, et al. Post-COVID conditions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023 Jul;98(7):1071-8.Full text Abstract
120. Delgado-Alonso C, Valles-Salgado M, Delgado-Álvarez A, et al. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: a comprehensive neuropsychological study. J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Jun;150:40-6.Full text Abstract
121. Ladds E, Darbyshire JL, Bakerly ND, et al. Cognitive dysfunction after covid-19. BMJ. 2024 Feb 1;384:e075387.Full text Abstract
122. Cecchetti G, Agosta F, Canu E, et al. Cognitive, EEG, and MRI features of COVID-19 survivors: a 10-month study. J Neurol. 2022 Jul;269(7):3400-12.Full text Abstract
123. Andriuta D, Si-Ahmed C, Roussel M, et al. Clinical and imaging determinants of neurocognitive disorders in post-acute COVID-19 patients with cognitive complaints. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;87(3):1239-50.Full text Abstract
124. Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J, et al. Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2022 Mar 15;434:120162.Full text Abstract
125. Callan C, Ladds E, Husain L, et al. 'I can't cope with multiple inputs': a qualitative study of the lived experience of 'brain fog' after COVID-19. BMJ Open. 2022 Feb 11;12(2):e056366.Full text Abstract
126. Melamed E, Rydberg L, Ambrose AF, et al. Multidisciplinary collaborative consensus guidance statement on the assessment and treatment of neurologic sequelae in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PM R. 2023 May;15(5):640-62.Full text Abstract
127. Nugent K, Berdine G. Dyspnea and long COVID patients. Am J Med Sci. 2024 Oct;368(4):399-404. Abstract
128. Zheng B, Daines L, Han Q, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and treatments for post-COVID-19 breathlessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2022 Nov 2;31(166):220071.Full text Abstract
129. Whitaker M, Elliott J, Chadeau-Hyam M, et al. Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 606,434 people in England. Nat Commun. 2022 Apr 12;13(1):1957.Full text Abstract
130. Oaklander AL, Mills AJ, Kelley M, et al. Peripheral neuropathy evaluations of patients with prolonged long COVID. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2022 May;9(3):e1146.Full text Abstract
131. Nguyen B, Tosti A. Alopecia in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAAD Int. 2022 Jun;7:67-77.Full text Abstract
132. Marasco G, Cremon C, Barbaro MR, et al. Post COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2022 Dec 9:gutjnl-2022-328483.Full text Abstract
133. Clayton EW. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an IOM report on redefining an illness. JAMA. 2015 Mar 17;313(11):1101-2. Abstract
134. Wong TL, Weitzer DJ. Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) -a systemic review and comparison of clinical presentation and symptomatology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Apr 26;57(5):418.Full text Abstract
135. Heesakkers H, van der Hoeven JG, Corsten S, et al. Clinical outcomes among patients with 1-year survival following intensive care unit treatment for COVID-19. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):559-65.Full text Abstract
136. Martillo MA, Dangayach NS, Tabacof L, et al. Postintensive care syndrome in survivors of critical illness related to coronavirus disease 2019: cohort study from a New York City critical care recovery clinic. Crit Care Med. 2021 Sep 1;49(9):1427-38.Full text Abstract
137. Morelli N, Parry SM, Steele A, et al. Patients surviving critical COVID-19 have impairments in dual-task performance related to post-intensive care syndrome. J Intensive Care Med. 2022 Jul;37(7):890-8.Full text Abstract
138. Núñez-Seisdedos MN, Lázaro-Navas I, López-González L, et al. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness and hospital functional mobility outcomes following invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19: a single-centre prospective cohort study. J Intensive Care Med. 2022 Aug;37(8):1005-14.Full text Abstract
139. Neville TH, Hays RD, Tseng CH, et al. Survival after severe COVID-19: long-term outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2022 Aug;37(8):1019-28.Full text Abstract
140. Hodgson CL, Higgins AM, Bailey MJ, et al. Comparison of 6-month outcomes of survivors of COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 May 15;205(10):1159-68.68.Full text Abstract
141. Kavi L, Gammage MD, Grubb BP, et al. Postural tachycardia syndrome: multiple symptoms, but easily missed. Br J Gen Pract. 2012 Jun;62(599):286-7.Full text Abstract
142. Weiler CR, Austen KF, Akin C, et al. AAAAI Mast Cell Disorders Committee work group report: mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) diagnosis and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Oct;144(4):883-96.Full text Abstract
143. Ladds E, Rushforth A, Wieringa S, et al. Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: qualitative study of 114 "long Covid" patients and draft quality principles for services. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 Dec 20;20(1):1144.Full text Abstract
144. NHS England. After-care needs of inpatients recovering from COVID-19. June 2020 [internet publication].Full text
145. Appelman B, Charlton BT, Goulding RP, et al. Muscle abnormalities worsen after post-exertional malaise in long COVID. Nat Commun. 2024 Jan 4;15(1):17.Full text Abstract
146. Palau P, Calvo B, Sastre C, et al. Unraveling the mechanisms behind exercise intolerance and recovery in long COVID. Am J Med. 2025 Feb;138(2):362-7.Full text Abstract
147. O'Kelly B, Vidal L, McHugh T, et al. Safety and efficacy of low dose naltrexone in a long covid cohort; an interventional pre-post study. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022 Oct;24:100485.Full text Abstract
148. Blockmans D, Persoons P, Van Houdenhove B, et al. Does methylphenidate reduce the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome? Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):167.e23-30.Full text Abstract
149. Vance H, Maslach A, Stoneman E, et al. Addressing post-COVID symptoms: a guide for primary care physicians. J Am Board Fam Med. 2021 Nov-Dec;34(6):1229-42.Full text Abstract
150. Addison AB, Wong B, Ahmed T, et al. Clinical Olfactory Working Group consensus statement on the treatment of postinfectious olfactory dysfunction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 May;147(5):1704-19.Full text Abstract
151. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):601-15.Full text Abstract
152. Plaut S. "Long COVID-19" and viral "fibromyalgia-ness": Suggesting a mechanistic role for fascial myofibroblasts (Nineveh, the shadow is in the fascia). Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Apr 6;10:952278.Full text Abstract
153. Savin E, Rosenn G, Tsur AM, et al. The possible onset of fibromyalgia following acute COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2023;18(2):e0281593.Full text Abstract
154. Ablin J, Fitzcharles MA, Buskila D, et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: recommendations of recent evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines with special emphasis on complementary and alternative therapies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:485272.Full text Abstract
155. Servier C, Porcher R, Pane I, et al. Trajectories of the evolution of post-COVID-19 condition, up to two years after symptoms onset. Int J Infect Dis. 2023 Aug;133:67-74.Full text Abstract
156. Kubota T, Kuroda N, Sone D. Neuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID: a comprehensive review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023 Feb;77(2):84-93.Full text Abstract
157. Hartung TJ, Neumann C, Bahmer T, et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19: a prospective multicentre study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Nov;53:101651.Full text Abstract
158. National Center for Health Statistics. Post-COVID conditions. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
159. Mizrahi B, Sudry T, Flaks-Manov N, et al. Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2023 Jan 11;380:e072529.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer