References
Key articles
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research; British Society For Heart Failure. National heart failure audit (NHFA) 2025 annual report (2023/24 data). 2025 [internet publication].Full text
National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Failure to function. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management. November 2021 [internet publication].Full text
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