Bronchiolitis

American Academy of Pediatrics Publications. AAP recommendations for the prevention of RSV disease in infants and children​. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Canadian Paediatric Society. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Cunningham S, Rodriguez A, Adams T, et al. Oxygen saturation targets in infants with bronchiolitis (BIDS): a double-blind, randomised, equivalence trial. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1041-8.Full text  Abstract

Lin J, Zhang Y, Xiong L, et al. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for children with bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2019 Jun;104(6):564-76. Abstract

Farley R, Spurling GK, Eriksson L, et al. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 9;(10):CD005189.Full text  Abstract

1. Zhang XL, Zhang X, Hua W, et al. Expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children. World J Pediatr. 2024 Jan;20(1):11-25.Full text  Abstract

2. Willwerth BM, Harper MB, Greenes DS. Identifying hospitalized infants who have bronchiolitis and are at high risk for apnea. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Oct;48(4):441-7. Abstract

3. Schroeder AR, Mansbach JM, Stevenson M, et al. Apnea in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2013 Nov;132(5):e1194-201. Abstract

4. Eisenhut M. Extrapulmonary manifestations of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection--a systematic review. Crit Care. 2006;10(4):R107.Full text  Abstract

5. Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Blumkin AK, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e341-8. Abstract

6. Fujiogi M, Goto T, Yasunaga H, et al. Trends in bronchiolitis hospitalizations in the United States: 2000-2016. Pediatrics. 2019 Dec;144(6):e20192614.Full text  Abstract

7. Thomas E, Mattila JM, Lehtinen P, et al. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life. J Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 3;223(5):811-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Li Y, Wang X, Blau DM, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 May 28;399(10340):2047-64.Full text  Abstract

9. Vartiainen P, Jukarainen S, Rhedin SA, et al. Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life: development and validation of a clinical prediction model. Lancet Digit Health. 2023 Nov;5(11):e821-30.Full text  Abstract

10. Bylsma LC, Suh M, Movva N, et al. Mortality among US infants and children under 5 years of age with respiratory syncytial virus and bronchiolitis: a systematic literature review. J Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 15;226(suppl 2):S267-81.Full text  Abstract

11. Obando-Pacheco P, Justicia-Grande AJ, Rivero-Calle I, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality: a global overview. J Infect Dis. 2018 Apr 11;217(9):1356-64.Full text  Abstract

12. Cozzi G, Sovtic A, Garelli D, et al. SARS-CoV-2-related bronchiolitis: a multicentre international study. Arch Dis Child. 2023 Sep;108(9):e15. Abstract

13. Zylbersztejn A, Pembrey L, Goldstein H, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in young children: community cohort study integrating serological surveys, questionnaire and electronic health records, born in Bradford cohort, England, 2008 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2021 Feb;26(6):2000023.Full text  Abstract

14. Kenmoe S, Kengne-Nde C, Ebogo-Belobo JT, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children <2 years with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0242302.Full text  Abstract

15. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. Mar 5 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

16. Tripp RA. Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Viral Immunol. 2004;17(2):165-81. Abstract

17. Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, et al. Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants. N Engl J Med. 1988 Oct 27;319(17):1112-7. Abstract

18. Turner SW, Young S, Landau LI, et al. Reduced lung function both before bronchiolitis and at 11 years. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Nov;87(5):417-20. Abstract

19. Stevenson MD, Mansbach JM, Mowad E, et al. Prenatal versus postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and intensive care use in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Acad Pediatr. 2016 Jul;16(5):446-52.Full text  Abstract

20. Lanari M, Vandini S, Adorni F, et al. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure increases hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in infants. Respir Res. 2015 Dec 22;16:152.Full text  Abstract

21. Jones LL, Hashim A, McKeever T, et al. Parental and household smoking and the increased risk of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and other lower respiratory infections in infancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2011 Jan 10;12:5.Full text  Abstract

22. Carugno M, Dentali F, Mathieu G, et al. PM10 exposure is associated with increased hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among infants in Lombardy, Italy. Environ Res. 2018 Oct;166:452-7. Abstract

23. Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, et al. Host components contributing to respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2019 Sep 12:10:2152.Full text  Abstract

24. Kim CK, Kim SW, Park CS, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine profiles in acute asthma and acute bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Jul;112(1):64-71. Abstract

25. Oh JW, Lee HB, Yum MK, et al. ECP level in nasopharyngeal secretions and serum from children with respiratory virus infections and asthmatic children. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2000 Mar-Apr;21(2):97-100. Abstract

26. Legg JP, Hussain IR, Warner JA, et al. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine imbalance in acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Sep 15;168(6):633-9.Full text  Abstract

27. Lukacs NW, Tekkanat KK, Berlin A, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus predisposes mice to augmented allergic airway responses via IL-13-mediated mechanisms. J Immunol. 2001 Jul 15;167(2):1060-5.Full text  Abstract

28. Welliver TP, Garofalo RP, Hosakote Y, et al. Severe human lower respiratory tract illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus is characterized by the absence of pulmonary cytotoxic lymphocyte responses. J Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 15;195(8):1126-36. Abstract

29. Copenhaver CC, Gern JE, Li Z, et al. Cytokine response patterns, exposure to viruses, and respiratory infections in the first year of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Jul 15;170(2):175-80. Abstract

30. Guerra S, Lohman IC, Halonen M, et al. Reduced interferon gamma production and soluble CD14 levels in early life predict recurrent wheezing by 1 year of age. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan 1;169(1):70-6. Abstract

31. Jozwik A, Habibi MS, Paras A, et al. RSV-specific airway resident memory CD8+ T cells and differential disease severity after experimental human infection. Nat Commun. 2015 Dec 21;6:10224.Full text  Abstract

32. Arruvito L, Raiden S, Geffner J. Host response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;28(3):259-66. Abstract

33. Hosakote YM, Jantzi PD, Esham DL, et al. Viral-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun 1;183(11):1550-60. Abstract

34. Pangesti KNA, El Ghany MA, Kesson AM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in the Western Pacific Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2019 Dec;9(2):020431.Full text  Abstract

35. Townsi N, Laing IA, Hall GL, et al. The impact of respiratory viruses on lung health after preterm birth. Eur Clin Respir J. 2018 Aug 1;5(1):1487214.Full text  Abstract

36. Friedrich L, Pitrez PM, Stein RT, et al. Growth rate of lung function in healthy preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Dec 15;176(12):1269-73. Abstract

37. Allen J, Zwerdling R, Ehrenkranz R, et al. Statement on the care of the child with chronic lung disease of infancy and childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Aug 1;168(3):356-96.Full text  Abstract

38. Rice JL, McGrath-Morrow SA, Collaco JM. Indoor air pollution sources and respiratory symptoms in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2020 Jul;222:85-90.e2.Full text  Abstract

39. Fauroux B, Hascoët JM, Jarreau PH, et al. Risk factors for bronchiolitis hospitalization in infants: a French nationwide retrospective cohort study over four consecutive seasons (2009-2013). PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0229766.Full text  Abstract

40. García CG, Bhore R, Soriano-Fallas A, et al. Risk factors in children hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis versus non-RSV bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):e1453-60.Full text  Abstract

41. MacDonald NE, Hall CB, Suffin SC, et al. Respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with congenital heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1982 Aug 12;307(7):397-400. Abstract

42. Navas L, Wang E, de Carvalho V, et al. Improved outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a high-risk hospitalized population of Canadian children. Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada. J Pediatr. 1992 Sep;121(3):348-54. Abstract

43. Lehners N, Tabatabai J, Prifert C, et al. Long-term shedding of influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and nosocomial epidemiology in patients with hematological disorders. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 11;11(2):e0148258.Full text  Abstract

44. Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Nov;134(5):e1474-502.Full text  Abstract

45. Simões EAF, Bont L, Manzoni P, et al. Past, present and future approaches to the prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Infect Dis Ther. 2018 Mar;7(1):87-120.Full text  Abstract

46. Fleming-Dutra KE, Jones JM, Roper LE, et al. Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Oct 13;72(41):1115-22.Full text  Abstract

47. UK Health Security Agency. ​Respiratory syncytial virus: the green book, chapter 27a. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

48. Zhu Q, McLellan JS, Kallewaard NL, et al. A highly potent extended half-life antibody as a potential RSV vaccine surrogate for all infants. Sci Transl Med. 2017 May 3;9(388):eaaj1928. Abstract

49. American Academy of Pediatrics Publications. AAP recommendations for the prevention of RSV disease in infants and children​. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

50. Jones JM, Fleming-Dutra KE, Prill MM, et al. Use of nirsevimab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Aug 25;72(34):920-5.Full text  Abstract

51. Griffin MP, Yuan Y, Takas T, et al. Single-dose nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 30;383(5):415-25.Full text  Abstract

52. Hammitt LL, Dagan R, Yuan Y, et al. Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in healthy late-preterm and term infants. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 3;386(9):837-46.Full text  Abstract

53. Drysdale SB, Cathie K, Flamein F, et al. Nirsevimab for prevention of hospitalizations due to RSV in infants. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 28;389(26):2425-35.Full text  Abstract

54. Dalziel SR, Haskell L, O'Brien S, et al. Bronchiolitis. Lancet. 2022 Jul 30;400(10349):392-406. Abstract

55. Øymar K, Skjerven HO, Mikalsen IB. Acute bronchiolitis in infants, a review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014 Apr 3;22:23.Full text  Abstract

56. Zorc JJ, Hall CB. Bronchiolitis: recent evidence on diagnosis and management. Pediatrics. 2010 Feb;125(2):342-9. Abstract

57. Sarmiento L, Rojas-Soto GE, Rodríguez-Martínez CE. Predictors of inappropriate use of diagnostic tests and management of bronchiolitis. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9730696.Full text  Abstract

58. Caballero MT, Polack FP, Stein RT. Viral bronchiolitis in young infants: new perspectives for management and treatment. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017 Nov - Dec;93(suppl 1):75-83.Full text  Abstract

59. Cavaye D, Roberts DP, Saravanos GL, et al. Evaluation of national guidelines for bronchiolitis: AGREEments and controversies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019 Jan;55(1):25-31. Abstract

60. McCulloh R, Koster M, Ralston S, et al. Use of intermittent vs continuous pulse oximetry for nonhypoxemic infants and young children hospitalized for bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Oct;169(10):898-904.Full text  Abstract

61. Canadian Paediatric Society. Bronchiolitis: recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

62. Cunningham S, Rodriguez A, Adams T, et al. Oxygen saturation targets in infants with bronchiolitis (BIDS): a double-blind, randomised, equivalence trial. Lancet. 2015 Sep 12;386(9998):1041-8.Full text  Abstract

63. Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Network, Australasia. Australasian bronchiolitis guideline. Apr 2025 [internet publication].Full text

64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bronchiolitis in children: diagnosis and management. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

65. Takeyama A, Hashimoto K, Sato M, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus shedding by children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection. J Med Virol. 2016 Jun;88(6):938-46. Abstract

66. Chao JH, Lin RC, Marneni S, et al. Predictors of airspace disease on chest x-ray in emergency department patients with clinical bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Oct;23(10):1107-18.Full text  Abstract

67. Ecochard-Dugelay E, Beliah M, Perreaux F, et al. Clinical predictors of radiographic abnormalities among infants with bronchiolitis in a paediatric emergency department. BMC Pediatr. 2014 Jun 6;14:143.Full text  Abstract

68. Allen JL, Wolfson MR, McDowell K, et al. Thoracoabdominal asynchrony in infants with airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Feb;141(2):337-42. Abstract

69. Schuh S, Freedman S, Coates A, et al. Effect of oximetry on hospitalization in bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Aug 20;312(7):712-8. Abstract

70. Palmer J, Allen J, Mayer O. Tidal breathing analysis. NeoReviews. 2004;5:E186-93.Full text

71. Ringer CN, Engberg RJ, Carlin KE, et al. Physiologic effects of nasal aspiration and nasopharyngeal suctioning on infants with viral bronchiolitis. Respir Care. 2020 Jul;65(7):984-93. Abstract

72. Hough JL, Pham TM, Schibler A. Physiologic effect of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun;15(5):e214-9. Abstract

73. Lin J, Zhang Y, Xiong L, et al. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for children with bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2019 Jun;104(6):564-76. Abstract

74. Fainardi V, Abelli L, Muscarà M, et al. Update on the role of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with bronchiolitis. Children (Basel). 2021 Jan 20;8(2):66.Full text  Abstract

75. Byrd C, Noelck M, Kerns E, et al. Multicenter study of high-flow nasal cannula initiation and duration of use in bronchiolitis. Hosp Pediatr. 2023 Apr 1;13(4):e69-75.Full text  Abstract

76. Dopper A, Steele M, Bogossian F, et al. High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 4;8(8):CD011010.Full text  Abstract

77. Moreel L, Proesmans M. High flow nasal cannula as respiratory support in treating infant bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 May;179(5):711-8. Abstract

78. O'Brien S, Craig S, Babl FE, et al. 'Rational use of high-flow therapy in infants with bronchiolitis. What do the latest trials tell us?' A Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative perspective. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019 Jul;55(7):746-52. Abstract

79. Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, et al. A randomized trial of high-flow oxygen therapy in infants with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 22;378(12):1121-31.Full text  Abstract

80. Jat KR, Dsouza JM, Mathew JL. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 4;4(4):CD010473.Full text  Abstract

81. Combret Y, Prieur G, LE Roux P, et al. Non-invasive ventilation improves respiratory distress in children with acute viral bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017 Jun;83(6):624-37.Full text  Abstract

82. Hernandez E, Khoshoo V, Thoppil D, et al. Aspiration: a factor in rapidly deteriorating bronchiolitis in previously healthy infants? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002 Jan;33(1):30-1. Abstract

83. Saqib S, Mugford G, Chan K, et al. Method of hydration for infants admitted with bronchiolitis: physician or parental choice? Cureus. 2021 Mar 15;13(3):e13896.Full text  Abstract

84. Srinivasan M, Casper TJ. Nasogastric hydration for bronchiolitis: sustaining change in practice. Glob Pediatr Health. 2018 Feb 27;5:2333794X18759398.Full text

85. Gill PJ, Anwar MR, Kornelsen E, et al. Parenteral versus enteral fluid therapy for children hospitalised with bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 1;12(12):CD013552.Full text  Abstract

86. Valla FV, Baudin F, Demaret P, et al. Nutritional management of young infants presenting with acute bronchiolitis in Belgium, France and Switzerland: survey of current practices and documentary search of national guidelines worldwide. Eur J Pediatr. 2019 Mar;178(3):331-40. Abstract

87. Manothummetha K, Mongkolkaew T, Tovichayathamrong P, et al. Ribavirin treatment for respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients with haematologic malignancy and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023 Oct;29(10):1272-9.Full text  Abstract

88. Tejada S, Martinez-Reviejo R, Karakoc HN, et al. Ribavirin for treatment of subjects with respiratory syncytial virus-related infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Ther. 2022 Sep;39(9):4037-51. Abstract

89. Manti S, Staiano A, Orfeo L, et al. Update - 2022 Italian guidelines on the management of bronchiolitis in infants. Ital J Pediatr. 2023 Feb 10;49(1):19.Full text  Abstract

90. Fernandes RM, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;(6):CD004878.Full text  Abstract

91. Alansari K, Sakran M, Davidson BL, et al. Oral dexamethasone for bronchiolitis: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2013 Oct;132(4):e810-6. Abstract

92. Shein SL, Rotta AT, Speicher R, et al. Corticosteroid therapy during acute bronchiolitis in patients who later develop asthma. Hosp Pediatr. 2017 Jul;7(7):403-9.Full text  Abstract

93. Gadomski AM, Scribani MB. Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 17;(6):CD001266.Full text  Abstract

94. Ralston S, Hill V, Waters A. Occult serious bacterial infection in infants younger than 60 to 90 days with bronchiolitis: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Oct;165(10):951-6. Abstract

95. Pinto LA, Pitrez PM, Luisi F, et al. Azithromycin therapy in hospitalized infants with acute bronchiolitis is not associated with better clinical outcomes: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr. 2012 Dec;161(6):1104-8. Abstract

96. Farley R, Spurling GK, Eriksson L, et al. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 9;(10):CD005189.Full text  Abstract

97. McDaniel CE, Ralston S, Lucas B, et al. Association of diagnostic criteria with urinary tract infection prevalence in bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Mar 1;173(3):269-77.Full text  Abstract

98. Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright CE, et al. Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 4;4(4):CD006458.Full text  Abstract

99. Brooks CG, Harrison WN, Ralston SL, et al. Association between hypertonic saline and hospital length of stay in acute viral bronchiolitis: a reanalysis of 2 meta-analyses. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Jun 1;170(6):577-84.Full text  Abstract

100. Heikkilä P, Renko M, Korppi M. Hypertonic saline inhalations in bronchiolitis - a cumulative meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018 Feb;53(2):233-42. Abstract

101. Harrison W, Angoulvant F, House S, et al. Hypertonic saline in bronchiolitis and type I error: a trial sequential analysis. Pediatrics. 2018 Sep;142(3):e20181144.Full text  Abstract

102. Enriquez A, Chu IW, Mellis C, et al. Nebulised deoxyribonuclease for viral bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;(11):CD008395.Full text  Abstract

103. Hartling L, Bialy LM, Vandermeer B, et al. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD003123.Full text  Abstract

104. Hartling L, Fernandes RM, Bialy L, et al. Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Apr 6;342:d1714.Full text  Abstract

105. Plint AC, Johnson DW, Patel H, et al. Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC). Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 14;360(20):2079-89.Full text  Abstract

106. Roqué-Figuls M, Giné-Garriga M, Granados Rugeles C, et al. Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in paediatric patients between 0 and 24 months old. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 3;4(4):CD004873.Full text  Abstract

107. Gajdos VK, Katsahian S, Beydon N, et al. Effectiveness of chest physiotherapy in infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2010 Sep 28;7(9):e1000345.Full text  Abstract

108. Gomes GR, Donadio MVF. Effects of the use of respiratory physiotherapy in children admitted with acute viral bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr. 2018 Aug;25(6):394-8. Abstract

109. Oakley E, Borland M, Neutze J, et al. Nasogastric hydration versus intravenous hydration for infants with bronchiolitis: a randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Apr;1(2):113-20. Abstract

110. Zhao S, Shang Y, Yin Y, et al. Ziresovir in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2024 Sep 26;391(12):1096-107. Abstract

111. Luchetti M, Ferrero F, Gallini C, et al. Multicenter, randomized, controlled study of porcine surfactant in severe respiratory syncytial virus-induced respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2002 Jul;3(3):261-8. Abstract

112. Tibby SM, Hatherill M, Wright SM, et al. Exogenous surfactant supplementation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;162(4 Pt 1):1251-6. Abstract

113. Barreira ER, Precioso AR, Bousso A. Pulmonary surfactant in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: the role in pathogenesis and clinical implications. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011 May;46(5):415-20. Abstract

114. Jat KR, Chawla D. Surfactant therapy for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug 24;(8):CD009194.Full text  Abstract

115. Martinon-Torres F, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Martinon-Sanchez JM. Heliox therapy in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2002 Jan;109(1):68-73. Abstract

116. Liet JM, Ducruet T, Gupta V, et al. Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 18;(9):CD006915.Full text  Abstract

117. Kim IK, Phrampus E, Sikes K, et al. Helium-oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Dec;165(12):1115-22. Abstract

118. Chowdhury MM, McKenzie SA, Pearson CC, et al. Heliox therapy in bronchiolitis: phase III multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2013 Apr;131(4):661-9. Abstract

119. Amirav I, Luder AS, Kruger N, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of montelukast for acute bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;122(6):e1249-55. Abstract

120. Kim CK, Choi J, Kim HB, et al. A randomized intervention of montelukast for post-bronchiolitis: effect on eosinophil degranulation. J Pediatr. 2010 May;156(5):749-54. Abstract

121. Bisgaard H, Flores-Nunez A, Goh A, et al. Study of montelukast for the treatment of respiratory symptoms of post-respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2008 Oct 15;178(8):854-60.Full text  Abstract

122. Proesmans M, Sauer K, Govaere E, et al. Montelukast does not prevent reactive airway disease in young children hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Nov;98(11):1830-4. Abstract

123. Zedan M, Gamil N, El-Assmy M, et al. Montelukast as an episodic modifier for acute viral bronchiolitis: a randomized trial. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2010 Mar-Apr;31(2):147-53. Abstract

124. Liu F, Ouyang J, Sharma AN, et al. Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 16;(3):CD010636.Full text  Abstract

125. Pérez-Gutiérrez F, Otárola-Escobar I, Arenas D. Are leukotriene inhibitors useful for bronchiolitis? Medwave. 2016 Dec 16;16(suppl 5):e6799. Abstract

126. Sanders SL, Agwan S, Hassan M, et al. Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 23;10(10):CD009417.Full text  Abstract

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