Beta-thalassaemia is an autosomal recessive genetic condition. Primary prevention involves screening those who intend to start a family to identify carriers, and genetic counselling (with a discussion of reproductive options).
In the UK, screening for thalassaemia is offered to all pregnant women, and to their reproductive partner when screening shows the mother is a genetic carrier.[19]NHS. Screening for sickle cell and thalassaemia. Oct 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/screening-for-sickle-cell-and-thalassaemia
Couples identified as carriers will be offered genetic counselling. UK guidelines recommend considering preconception screening (or premarital screening, if appropriate) for haemoglobinopathies in women from high-risk ethnic groups.[20]Bain BJ, Daniel Y, Henthorn J, et al. Significant haemoglobinopathies: A guideline for screening and diagnosis: A British Society for Haematology guideline. Br J Haematol. 2023 Jun;201(6):1047-65.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.18794
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37271570?tool=bestpractice.com
If the woman is found to be a carrier, her partner should be offered screening.[20]Bain BJ, Daniel Y, Henthorn J, et al. Significant haemoglobinopathies: A guideline for screening and diagnosis: A British Society for Haematology guideline. Br J Haematol. 2023 Jun;201(6):1047-65.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.18794
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37271570?tool=bestpractice.com
In the US, all women who are considering pregnancy or are already pregnant should be offered screening for thalassaemia.[21]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Aug 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2022/08/hemoglobinopathies-in-pregnancy
[22]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 691: carrier screening for genetic conditions. Mar 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-for-genetic-conditions
[23]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 690: carrier screening in the age of genomic medicine. Mar 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-in-the-age-of-genomic-medicine
If a woman is found to be a carrier, her reproductive partner should be offered screening.[22]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 691: carrier screening for genetic conditions. Mar 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-for-genetic-conditions
[23]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 690: carrier screening in the age of genomic medicine. Mar 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-in-the-age-of-genomic-medicine
Genetic counselling is recommended if both are identified as carriers of a gene for abnormal haemoglobins.[22]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 691: carrier screening for genetic conditions. Mar 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-for-genetic-conditions
[23]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 690: carrier screening in the age of genomic medicine. Mar 2017 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/03/carrier-screening-in-the-age-of-genomic-medicine