References

Key articles

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul;122(1):52-61.Full text  Abstract

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 605: primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;124(1):193-7.Full text  Abstract

Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Sep 18;108(10):2447-69.Full text  Abstract

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 728: Müllerian agenesis: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e35-42.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul;122(1):52-61.Full text  Abstract

2. Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH. Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003;30:287-302. Abstract

3. Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ. Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea: incidence and prevalence rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;117:80-86. Abstract

4. Weidler EM, Linnaus ME, Baratz AB, et al. A management protocol for gonad preservation in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019 Dec;32(6):605-11.Full text  Abstract

5. Tack LJW, Maris E, Looijenga LHJ, et al. Management of gonads in adults with androgen insensitivity: an international survey. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;90(4):236-46.Full text  Abstract

6. Hughes IA, Davies JD, Bunch TI, et al. Androgen insensitivity syndrome. Lancet. 2012 Oct 20;380(9851):1419-28.Full text  Abstract

7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 605: primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;124(1):193-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Shroff R, Kerchner A, Maifeld M, et al. Young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of early coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4609-4614.Full text  Abstract

9. Lass N, Kleber M, Winkel K, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on features of polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and intima-media thickness in obese adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Nov;96(11):3533-40.Full text  Abstract

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11. Agents stimulating gonadal function in the human. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1973;514:1-30.Full text  Abstract

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16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee opinion no. 651: menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Full text

17. Witchel SF. Puberty and polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006;254-255:146-153. Abstract

18. Garnett MR, Puget S, Grill J, et al. Craniopharyngioma. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Apr 10;2:18.Full text  Abstract

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20. Turner HH. A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck, and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology. 1938;23:566. Abstract

21. Jayasena CN, Devine K, Barber K, et al. Society for endocrinology guideline for understanding, diagnosing and treating female hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2024 Nov;101(5):409-42.Full text  Abstract

22. Goodman LR, Warren MP. The female athlete and menstrual function. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:466-70. Abstract

23. Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 May 1;102(5):1413-39.Full text  Abstract

24. ESHRE, ASRM, CREWHIRL and IMS Guideline Group on POI, Panay N, Anderson RA, et al. Evidence-based guideline: premature ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril. 2025 Feb;123(2):221-36.Full text  Abstract

25. Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Kaltsas T, et al. Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50:655-659. Abstract

26. Groff TR, Shulkin BL, Utiger RD, et al. Amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and suprasellar pituitary enlargement as presenting features of primary hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63(3 Suppl):86S-89S. Abstract

27. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Sep 18;108(10):2447-69.Full text  Abstract

28. Elhassan YS, Hawley JM, Cussen L, et al. Society for Endocrinology clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of androgen excess in women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2025 Oct;103(4):540-66.Full text  Abstract

29. Govindarajan M, Rajan RS, Kalyanpur A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008;1:83-85.Full text  Abstract

30. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 728: Müllerian agenesis: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e35-42.Full text  Abstract

31. Gibney J, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. The impact on clinical practice of routine screening for macroprolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):3927-32.Full text  Abstract

32. Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):141-6. Abstract

33. Thong EP, Codner E, Laven JSE, et al. Diabetes: a metabolic and reproductive disorder in women. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Feb;8(2):134-49.Full text  Abstract

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