Dystonias

Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS)[43]Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD, et al. Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology. 1985 Jan;35(1):73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3966004?tool=bestpractice.com

The Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) is a widely used rating scale to describe the severity and extent of the dystonia. The scale is weighted based on the product of provoking factors and severity factors in each of several body regions (eyes, mouth, speech and swallowing, neck, arm, trunk, and leg). A second component consists of a patient-reported scale to assess the impact of dystonia on activities of daily living.

Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS)[44]Consky ES, Lang AE. Clinical assessments of patients with cervical dystonia. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, eds. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1994:211-37.

The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) is a validated clinical rating scale used by clinicians to rate the severity of spasmodic torticollis, taking into account the direction and the degrees of maximal displacement on objective examination as well as patient-reported impact of torticollis on activities of daily living and pain.