Achalasia

Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G, et al. The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines. Dis Esophagus. 2018 Sep 1;31(9).Full text  Abstract

Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;115(9):1393-411.Full text  Abstract

1. Sadowski DC, Ackah F, Jiang B, et al. Achalasia: incidence, prevalence and survival. A population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Sep;22(9):e256-61. Abstract

2. van Hoeij FB, Ponds FA, Smout AJ, et al. Incidence and costs of achalasia in The Netherlands. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018 Feb;30(2). Abstract

3. Duffield JA, Hamer PW, Heddle R, et al. Incidence of achalasia in South Australia based on esophageal manometry findings. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;15(3):360-5. Abstract

4. Samo S, Carlson DA, Gregory DL, et al. Incidence and prevalence of achalasia in central Chicago, 2004-2014, since the widespread use of high-resolution manometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;15(3):366-73. Abstract

5. Kim E, Lee H, Jung HK, et al. Achalasia in Korea: an epidemiologic study using a national healthcare database. J Korean Med Sci. 2014 Apr;29(4):576-80.Full text  Abstract

6. Stein CM, Gelfand M, Taylor HG. Achalasia in Zimbabwean blacks. S Afr Med J. 1985 Feb 16;67(7):261-2. Abstract

7. Ho KY, Tay HH, Kang JY. A prospective study of the clinical features, manometric findings, incidence and prevalence of achalasia in Singapore. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Aug;14(8):791-5. Abstract

8. Birgisson S, Richter JE. Achalasia in Iceland, 1952-2002: an epidemiologic study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Aug;52(8):1855-60. Abstract

9. Harvey PR, Thomas T, Chandan JS, et al. Incidence, morbidity and mortality of patients with achalasia in England: findings from a study of nationwide hospital and primary care data. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):790-5. Abstract

10. Marlais M, Fishman JR, Fell JM, et al. UK incidence of achalasia: an 11-year national epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Feb;96(2):192-4. Abstract

11. Haisley KR, Preston JF, Dolan JP, et al. Twenty-year trends in the utilization of Heller myotomy for achalasia in the United States. Am J Surg. 2017 Aug;214(2):299-302. Abstract

12. Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988 Jan;29(1):90-3.Full text  Abstract

13. Sonnenberg A, Massey BT, McCarty DJ, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalization for achalasia in the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Feb;38(2):233-44. Abstract

14. Boeckxstaens GE, Zaninotto G, Richter JE. Achalasia. Lancet. 2014 Jan 4;383(9911):83-93.Full text  Abstract

15. Booy JD, Takata J, Tomlinson G, et al. The prevalence of autoimmune disease in patients with esophageal achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Apr;25(3):209-13. Abstract

16. Kaar TK, Waldron R, Ashraf MS, et al. Familial infantile esophageal achalasia. Arch Dis Child. 1991 Nov;66(11):1353-4. Abstract

17. Patt H, Koehler K, Lodha S, et al. Phenotype-genotype spectrum of AAA syndrome from Western India and systematic review of literature. Endocr Connect. 2017 Nov;6(8):901-13.Full text  Abstract

18. Roucher-Boulez F, Brac de la Perriere A, Jacquez A, et al. Triple-A syndrome: a wide spectrum of adrenal dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;178(3):199-207.Full text  Abstract

19. Wouters MM, Lambrechts D, Becker J, et al. Genetic variation in the lymphotoxin-α (LTA)/tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) locus as a risk factor for idiopathic achalasia. Gut. 2014 Sep;63(9):1401-9. Abstract

20. Ates F, Vaezi MF. The pathogenesis and management of achalasia: current status and future directions. Gut Liver. 2015 Jul;9(4):449-63.Full text  Abstract

21. Park W, Vaezi MF. Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun;100(6):1404-14. Abstract

22. Blam ME, Delfyett W, Levine MS, et al. Achalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug;97(8):1916-23. Abstract

23. Eckardt VF. Clinical presentations and complications of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):281-92. Abstract

24. Eckardt VF, Stauf B, Bernhard G. Chest pain in achalasia: patient characteristics and clinical course. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jun;116(6):1300-4. Abstract

25. Kopelman Y, Triadafilopoulos G. Endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Mar;56(3):635-54. Abstract

26. Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging; Levy AD, Carucci LR, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Dysphagia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S104-15.Full text  Abstract

27. Spechler SJ, Castell DO. Classification of esophageal motility abnormalities. Gut. 2001 Jul;49(1):145-51. Abstract

28. Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G, et al. The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines. Dis Esophagus. 2018 Sep 1;31(9).Full text  Abstract

29. Fox M. Multiple rapid swallowing in idiopathic achalasia: from conventional to high resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Sep;19(9):780-1. Abstract

30. Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the management of oesophageal motility disorders in the era of high-resolution manometry: a focus on achalasia syndromes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;14(11):677-88.Full text  Abstract

31. Mariani G, Boni G, Barreca M, et al. Radionuclide gastroesophageal motor studies. J Nucl Med. 2004 Jun;45(6):1004-28. Abstract

32. Kostic SV, Rice TW, Baker ME, et al. Timed barium esophagogram: a simple physiologic assessment for achalasia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Nov;120(5):935-43.Full text  Abstract

33. Andersson M, Kostic S, Ruth M, et al. Characteristics of timed barium esophagogram in newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia: clinical and manometric correlates. Acta Radiol. 2007 Feb;48(1):2-9. Abstract

34. McMahon BP, Frøkjaer JB, Liao D, et al. A new technique for evaluating sphincter function in visceral organs: application of the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) for the evaluation of the oesophago-gastric junction. Physiol Meas. 2005 Oct;26(5):823-36. Abstract

35. Carlson DA, Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Esophageal motility classification can be established at the time of endoscopy: a study evaluating real-time functional luminal imaging probe panometry. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Dec;90(6):915-23.e1.Full text  Abstract

36. Calabrese EC, Kindel T, Slater BJ, et al. 2024 update to SAGES guidelines for the use of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in the treatment of achalasia. Surg Endosc. 2025 Jul;39(7):4027-37. Abstract

37. Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, et al. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology. 2008 Nov;135(5):1526-33.Full text  Abstract

38. Fox M, Hebbard G, Janiak P, et al. High-resolution manometry predicts the success of oesophageal bolus transport and identifies clinically important abnormalities not detected by conventional manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Oct;16(5):533-42. Abstract

39. Gockel I, Eckardt VF, Schmitt T, et al. Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;40(4):378-85. Abstract

40. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.Full text  Abstract

41. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dysphagia. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

42. Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;115(9):1393-411.Full text  Abstract

43. Yang D, Bechara R, Dunst CM, et al. AGA clinical practice update on advances in per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and remaining questions-what we have learned in the past decade: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2024 Dec;167(7):1483-90.Full text  Abstract

44. Borhan-Manesh F, Kaviani MJ, Taghavi AR. The efficacy of balloon dilation in achalasia is the result of stretching of the lower esophageal sphincter, not muscular disruption. Dis Esophagus. 2016 Apr;29(3):262-6. Abstract

45. van Hoeij FB, Prins LI, Smout AJPM, et al. Efficacy and safety of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019 Jul;31(7):e13548.Full text  Abstract

46. Borotto E, Gaudric M, Danel B, et al. Risk factors of oesophageal perforation during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Gut. 1996 Jul;39(1):9-12.Full text  Abstract

47. Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Oct;34(8):832-9. Abstract

48. Vanuytsel T, Lerut T, Coosemans W, et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Feb;10(2):142-9. Abstract

49. Eckardt VF, Gockel I, Bernhard G. Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation. Gut. 2004 May;53(5):629-33.Full text  Abstract

50. Cheng P, Shi H, Zhang Y, et al. Clinical effect of endoscopic pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Jul;94(28):e1193.Full text  Abstract

51. Legros L, Ropert A, Brochard C, et al. Long-term results of pneumatic dilatation for relapsing symptoms of achalasia after Heller myotomy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014 Sep;26(9):1248-55.Full text  Abstract

52. Andolfi C, Fisichella PM. Meta-analysis of clinical outcome after treatment for achalasia based on manometric subtypes. Br J Surg. 2019 Mar;106(4):332-41. Abstract

53. Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A, et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut. 2016 May;65(5):732-9. Abstract

54. Ponds FA, Fockens P, Lei A, et al. Effect of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs pneumatic dilation on symptom severity and treatment outcomes among treatment-naive patients with achalasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 9;322(2):134-44.Full text  Abstract

55. Weber CE, Davis CS, Kramer HJ, et al. Medium and long-term outcomes after pneumatic dilation or laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2012 Aug;22(4):289-96. Abstract

56. Bonifácio P, de Moura DTH, Bernardo WM, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy in the treatment of achalasia: systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Dis Esophagus. 2019 Feb 1;32(2).Full text  Abstract

57. Schoenberg MB, Marx S, Kersten JF, et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus endoscopic balloon dilatation for the treatment of achalasia: a network meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):943-52. Abstract

58. Rohof WO, Salvador R, Annese V, et al. Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype. Gastroenterology. 2013 Apr;144(4):718-25.Full text  Abstract

59. Csendes A, Braghetto I, Burdiles P, et al. Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months. Ann Surg. 2006 Feb;243(2):196-203. Abstract

60. Midya S, Ghosh D, Mahmalat MW. Fundoplication in laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy for achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 8;(12):CD013386.Full text  Abstract

61. Lake JM, Wong RK. Review article: the management of achalasia - a comparison of different treatment modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 15;24(6):909-18. Abstract

62. Vela MF, Richter JE, Wachsberger D, et al. Complexities of managing achalasia at a tertiary referral center: use of pneumatic dilatation, Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun;99(6):1029-36. Abstract

63. Ali A, Pellegrini CA. Laparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):347-58. Abstract

64. NOSCAR POEM White Paper Committee., Stavropoulos SN, Desilets DJ, et al. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy white paper summary. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014 Jul;80(1):1-15.Full text  Abstract

65. Kahrilas PJ, Katzka D, Richter JE. Clinical practice update: the use of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia: expert review and best practice advice from the AGA Institute. Gastroenterology. 2017 Nov;153(5):1205-11. Abstract

66. Schlottmann F, Luckett DJ, Fine J, et al. Laparoscopic heller myotomy versus peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2018 Mar;267(3):451-60. Abstract

67. Dirks RC, Kohn GP, Slater B, et al. Is peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) more effective than pneumatic dilation and Heller myotomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2021 May;35(5):1949-62. Abstract

68. Triadafilopoulos G, Aaronson M, Sackel S, et al. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia: double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Mar;36(3):260-7. Abstract

69. Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982 Nov;83(5):963-9. Abstract

70. Rozen P, Gelfond M, Salzman S, et al. Radionuclide confirmation of the therapeutic value of isosorbide dinitrate in relieving the dysphagia in achalasia. Journal Clin Gastroenterol. 1982 Feb;4(1):17-22. Abstract

71. Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gut. 2000 May;46(5):597-600.Full text  Abstract

72. Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):231-9.Full text  Abstract

73. Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P. Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD005046.Full text  Abstract

74. Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Pharmacologic therapy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):311-24. Abstract

75. Gomes CA Jr, Andriolo RB, Bennett C, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD008096.Full text  Abstract

76. Duranceau A, Liberman M, Martin J, et al. End-stage achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012 May;25(4):319-30. Abstract

77. Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum. Endoscopy. 1999 Jun;31(5):352-8. Abstract

78. Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; the GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. Comparison of two different formulations of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Oct;13(10):1347-50. Abstract

79. Mikaeli J, Bishehsari F, Montazeri G, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin before pneumatic dilatation in achalasia treatment: a randomized-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 15;24(6):983-9. Abstract

80. Frankhuisen R, van Herwaarden MA, Heijkoop R, et al. Persisting symptoms and decreased health-related quality-of-life in a cross-sectional study of treated achalasia patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Sep 15;26(6):899-904. Abstract

81. Brucher BL, Stein HJ, Bartels H, et al. Achalasia and esophageal cancer: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. World J Surg. 2001 Jun;25(6):745-9. Abstract

82. Tustumi F, Bernardo WM, da Rocha JRM, et al. Esophageal achalasia: a risk factor for carcinoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Oct 1;30(10):1-8. Abstract

83. Dunaway PM, Wong RK. Risk and surveillance intervals for squamous cell carcinoma in achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):425-34. Abstract

84. Zendehdel K, Nyrén O, Edberg A, et al. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in achalasia patients, a retrospective cohort study in Sweden. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):57-61. Abstract

85. Ravi K, Geno DM, Katzka DA. Esophageal cancer screening in achalasia: is there a consensus? Dis Esophagus. 2015 Apr;28(3):299-304. Abstract