Epidemiology
The prevalence of central sleep apnea (CSA) syndrome varies according to subtype.
In patients with congestive heart failure, it is estimated that CSA occurs in 25% to 40% of those with low left ventricular ejection fraction.[1][8][9][10]
Prevalence following stroke has been reported to be 1.4% to 19%.[11][12][13]
CSA has been reported to occur in up to 30% of patients taking chronic opioids.[14]
Primary (idiopathic) CSA is rare, comprising approximately 4% of patients identified with CSA.[15] These patients tend to be middle-aged to older, with more men than women affected.[1]
High-altitude periodic breathing occurs in most healthy individuals at altitudes above 4000 meters (13,000 feet), and in some, at lower altitudes.[1][3][16] It is reported to be more frequent in men than in women.[17]
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