Cellulitis and erysipelas

Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):325-37. Abstract

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

1. Gunderson CG. Cellulitis: definition, etiology, and clinical features. Am J Med. 2011 Dec;124(12):1113-22. Abstract

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3. Institute For Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global health metrics: cellulitis - level 4 cause. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

4. Mcnamara DR, Tleyjeh IM, Berbari EF, et al. Incidence of lower-extremity cellulitis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jul;82(7):817-21. Abstract

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10. Pallin DJ, Egan DJ, Pelletier AJ, et al. Increased US emergency department visits for skin and soft tissue infections, and changes in antibiotic choices, during the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Mar;51(3):291-8. Abstract

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12. Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):325-37. Abstract

13. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

14. Dalal A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Mimouni D, et al. Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 20;(6):CD009758.Full text  Abstract

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19. Semel JD, Goldin H. Association of athlete's foot with cellulitis of the lower extremities: diagnostic value of bacterial cultures of ipsilateral interdigital space samples. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Nov;23(5):1162-4. Abstract

20. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cellulitis and erysipelas: antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

21. Bjornsdottir S, Gottfredsson M, Thorisdottir AS, et al. Risk factors for acute cellulitis of the lower limb: a prospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1416-22.Full text  Abstract

22. Karakaş M, Baba M, Aksungur VL, et al. Manifestation of cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary bypass surgery. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002 Sep;16(5):438-40. Abstract

23. Quirke M, Ayoub F, McCabe A, et al. Risk factors for nonpurulent leg cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Aug;177(2):382-94. Abstract

24. McNamara DR, Tleyjeh IM, Berbari EF, et al. A predictive model of recurrent lower extremity cellulitis in a population-based cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Apr 9;167(7):709-15.Full text  Abstract

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27. Woo PC, Lum PN, Wong SS, et al. Cellulitis complicating lymphedema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000 Apr;19(4):294-7. Abstract

28. Edwards G, Freeman K, Llewelyn MJ, et al. What diagnostic strategies can help differentiate cellulitis from other causes of red legs in primary care? BMJ. 2020 Feb 12;368:m54. Abstract

29. Chambers HF. Skin and soft tissue infections in persons who inject drugs. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2021 Mar;35(1):169-81. Abstract

30. Taira KG, Wang M, Guo W, et al. Association of cellulitis with obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Dermatol. 2024 Aug 20;7:e54302.Full text  Abstract

31. Stahlman S, Williams VF, Oh GT, et al. Skin and soft tissue infections, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, January 2016-September 2020. MSMR. 2021 Apr;28(4):27-38.Full text  Abstract

32. Johnson RC, Ellis MW, Schlett CD, et al. Bacterial etiology and risk factors associated with cellulitis and purulent skin abscesses in military trainees. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0165491.Full text  Abstract

33. Weng QY, Raff AB, Cohen JM, et al. Costs and consequences associated with misdiagnosed lower extremity cellulitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017 Feb 1;153(2):141-6. Abstract

34. Boettler MA, Kaffenberger BH, Chung CG. Cellulitis: a review of current practice guidelines and differentiation from pseudocellulitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Mar;23(2):153-65. Abstract

35. Cutler TS, Jannat-Khah DP, Kam B, et al. Prevalence of misdiagnosis of cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med. 2023 Mar;18(3):254-61. Abstract

36. Pulia MS, Schwei RJ, Alexandridis R, et al. Validation of thermal imaging and the ALT-70 prediction model to differentiate cellulitis from pseudocellulitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2024 May 1;160(5):511-7. Abstract

37. Li DG, Mostaghimi A. The quest for a more accurate diagnosis of cellulitis: in dreams begin responsibilities. JAMA Dermatol. 2024 May 1;160(5):489-91. Abstract

38. Ko LN, Garza-Mayers AC, St John J, et al. Effect of dermatology consultation on outcomes for patients with presumed cellulitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 May 1;154(5):529-36.Full text  Abstract

39. Daum RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90. [Dosage error in text; published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1357.] Abstract

40. Jackson KA, Bohm MK, Brooks JT, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs - six sites, 2005-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 8;67(22):625-8.Full text  Abstract

41. Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST). Guidelines on the management of cellulitis in adults. Jun 2005 [internet publication].Full text

42. Phoenix G, Das S, Joshi M. Diagnosis and management of cellulitis. BMJ. 2012 Aug 7;345:e4955. Abstract

43. Morris AD. Cellulitis and erysipelas. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 Jan 2;2008:1708. Abstract

44. ​Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Streptococcus pyogenes impetigo, erysipelas, and cellulitis. 2nd ed.Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2022.Full text

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group a strep infection: clinical guidance for group a streptococcal cellulitis. Mar 2020 [internet publication]Full text

46. Sakamoto S, Oiso N, Emoto M, et al. Cellulitis with leukocytopenia as an initial sign of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Case Rep Dermatol. 2012 Jan;4(1):47-9.Full text  Abstract

47. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. New Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 17;355(7):666-74.Full text  Abstract

48. May LS, Rothman RE, Miller LG, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing use of rapid molecular testing for Staphylococcus aureus for patients with cutaneous abscesses in the emergency department with standard of care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;36(12):1423-30.Full text  Abstract

49. Toleman MS, Vipond IB, Brindle R. Specific PCR, bacterial culture, serology and pharyngeal sampling to enhance the aetiological diagnosis of cellulitis. J Med Microbiol. 2016 Jan;65(1):44-7. Abstract

50. Bailey E, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: diagnosis and management. Dermatol Ther. 2011 Mar-Apr;24(2):229-39. Abstract

51. Public Health England. UK standards for microbiology investigations: investigation of swabs from skin and superficial soft tissue infections. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

52. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 5 Mar 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

53. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

54. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

55. Subramaniam S, Bober J, Chao J, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of abscess in skin and soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Nov;23(11):1298-306. Abstract

56. Gottlieb M, Avila J, Chottiner M, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of skin and soft tissue abscesses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Jul;76(1):67-77. Abstract

57. Muhammad R, Kyari F. Preseptal and orbital cellulitis: how to identify and treat these conditions - and save lives. Community Eye Health. 2024;36(121):13-14.Full text  Abstract

58. Ali SZ, Srinivasan S, Peh WC. MRI in necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities. Br J Radiol. 2014 Jan;87(1033):20130560.Full text  Abstract

59. Joshi A, Alomar T, Kaune DF, et al. A case of necrotizing fasciitis initially misdiagnosed as cellulitis. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2024 May;118:109701.Full text  Abstract

60. Chen LL, Fasolka B, Treacy C. Necrotizing fasciitis: a comprehensive review. Nursing. 2020 Sep;50(9):34-40.Full text  Abstract

61. Schmid MR, Kossmann T, Duewell S. Differentiation of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis using MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 1998 Mar;170(3):615-20.Full text  Abstract

62. McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, Petrinic D. Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Ann Surg. 1995 May;221(5):558-63Full text  Abstract

63. Keller EC, Tomecki KJ, Alraies MC. Distinguishing cellulitis from its mimics. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012 Aug;79(8):547-52.Full text  Abstract

64. Goss JA, Greene AK. Sensitivity and specificity of the stemmer sign for lymphedema: a clinicallymphoscintigraphic study. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019 Jun;7(6):e2295.Full text  Abstract

65. Stolldorf DP, Dietrich MS, Ridner SH. Symptom frequency, intensity, and distress in patients with lower limb lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol. 2016 Jun;14(2):78-87.Full text  Abstract

66. Greene AK, Goss JA. Diagnosis and staging of lymphedema. Semin Plast Surg. 2018 Feb;32(1):12-16.Full text  Abstract

67. Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 23;72(1):e1-48.Full text  Abstract

68. Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021 Oct;73(1):1-9.Full text

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lyme disease. October 2018 [internet publication].Full text

70. Falagas ME, Vergidis PI. Narrative review: diseases that masquerade as infectious cellulitis. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):47-55. Abstract

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72. Pérez-Garza DM, Chavez-Alvarez S, Ocampo-Candiani J, et al. Erythema nodosum: a practical approach and diagnostic algorithm. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021 May;22(3):367-78.Full text  Abstract

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80. Eron LJ, Lipsky BA, Low DE, et al. Managing skin and soft tissue infections: expert panel recommendations on key decision points. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Nov;52 Suppl 1:i3-17. Abstract

81. Brindle R, Williams OM, Barton E, et al. Assessment of antibiotic treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Jun 12;155(9):1033-40.Full text  Abstract

82. Mistry K, Sharma S, Patel M, et al. Clinical response to antibiotic regimens in lower limb cellulitis: a systematic review. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021 Jan;46(1):42-9.Full text  Abstract

83. Shu Z, Cao J, Li H, et al. Efficacy and safety of first- and second-line antibiotics for cellulitis and erysipelas: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024 Sep 6;316(8):603.Full text  Abstract

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86. Swartz MN. Clinical practice: cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):904-12. Abstract

87. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58.Full text  Abstract

88. Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jun;174(6):822-7.Full text  Abstract

89. Hamill L, Keijzers G, Robertson S, et al. Anti-inflammatories as adjunct treatment for cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CJEM. 2024 Jul;26(7):472-81. Abstract

90. Sharkey AR, King SW, Ramsden AJ, et al. Do surgical interventions for limb lymphoedema reduce cellulitis attack frequency? Microsurgery. 2017 May;37(4):348-53. Abstract

91. Webb E, Neeman T, Bowden FJ, et al. Compression Therapy to Prevent Recurrent Cellulitis of the Leg. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 13;383(7):630-639. Abstract

92. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.Full text  Abstract

93. Tami A, Othman S, Sudhakar A, et al. Ludwig's angina and steroid use: a narrative review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 May-Jun;41(3):102411. Abstract

94. Bergkvist PI, Sjöbeck K. Antibiotic and prednisolone therapy of erysipelas: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(4):377-82. Abstract